人类工程活动影响地下岩土体的原始结构，引起地下岩土层中的氡气沿裂隙通道向地表析出，改变氡气的正常析出特征。当前利用地表氡气浓度作为精准探测地下复杂地质状况的辅助指标，已成为一种高效且可靠的技术手段。揭示岩土体内部氡气的赋存状态及其析出机制，可为探测人类工程活动诱发的地下裂隙场发育特征提供重要的理论基础。

       本文运用室内试验和理论分析等方法开展了综合研究工作，分析了岩土介质性质及温压作用对氡气析出的影响，结合岩土介质的物理性质、孔隙结构等微-宏观响应特征，探讨了岩土介质氡气析出的主控因素，揭示了岩土介质氡气析出机制，构建了地下多层均匀多孔介质氡气析出的数理模型，阐明了应力扰动岩土组合地层的氡气析出规律，对室内尺度研究所得氡气析出主控因素进行验证。研究成果和结论如下：

      （1）通过X射线衍射试验、氮气吸附试验和测氡试验，获得了典型岩石的矿物含量和孔隙结构等物性参数，分析了典型岩石本底氡气特征的差异。不同岩石的孔隙结构和矿物含量对本底氡气特征影响显著，特别是岩石的本底氡气浓度与微孔孔隙存在明显的正相关关系，与孔隙结构的分形维数存在明显的负相关关系。

     （2）针对不同含水率岩土介质的氡气浓度结果，建立了含水状态下岩土介质氡气析出的理论模型，探究了不同含水率条件下岩土介质氡气析出的变化特征。结果表明：岩土介质的氡析出率均随含水率的增大呈先上升后下降的变化趋势。在含水率达到0.62 w_max之前，岩土介质的氡析出率均缓慢升高。当含水率增大至0.7 w_max附近时，岩土介质的氡析出率均增大至最大值。临近饱和后，岩土介质的氡析出率呈下降趋势。

     （3）基于低场核磁共振技术和氡气测试技术，分析了热处理后岩土介质物性参数、孔隙裂隙结构以及氡气析出特征随温度的变化规律。结果表明：热处理后石灰岩、千枚岩和砂岩的孔隙主要以微孔为主，中孔和大孔次之。花岗岩和黄土的孔隙以中孔为主，其次是大孔和微孔。在25~800 ℃的热处理过程中，花岗岩和黄土的氡析出率随温度变化属于“先增后减”类型，石灰岩和千枚岩则属于“逐渐增大”类型。花岗岩和黄土的氡析出率阶段性变化的温度临界值为400 ℃，砂岩氡析出率阶段性变化的温度临界值为500 ℃。

     （4）通过开展不同应力作用下岩石物理力学试验，阐释了岩石氡气析出的应力响应特征。结果表明：岩石处于压缩和弹性阶段时内部微孔（r<0.1 μm）、中孔（0.1 μm1.0 μm）孔隙度逐渐减小，岩石氡析出率显著下降。岩石进入破裂稳定发育阶段和裂隙的非稳定发展阶段后，内部微孔、中孔、大孔和总孔隙度显著增大，同时部分微孔向中孔转化，岩石内部孔隙分布更加均匀，氡析出率呈逐渐增大趋势。不同岩石的氡气析出特征随应力水平的变化趋势存在“先减小后增大”和“先增大后减小再增大”的两种类型。

      （5）根据岩土介质性质（岩性、含水率）和温-压作用对氡气析出的影响，结合岩土介质的微-宏观响应特征，揭示了氡气析出机理。研究表明：酸性岩浆岩中的铀含量高于变质岩和沉积岩，且长石和方解石含量与氡气析出特征关系显著。含水率对岩土介质氡气析出的影响主要与氡气的扩散系数和射气系数有关，扩散系数和射气系数的变化直接影响了氡气在岩土介质中的赋存状态。岩石的氡析出特征受温度影响主要分为3种类型：低温型（T＜400 ℃）、吸附型（400 ℃＜T＜600 ℃）和爆裂型（600 ℃＜T＜800 ℃），微孔孔隙结构的变化造成了自由氡气的储存空间和析出通道发生改变，致使岩土介质氡气的析出特征随温度、应力作用呈现出差异性变化规律。

     （6）通过构建地下多层均匀多孔介质氡气析出的数理模型，结合理论分析与试验研究，阐述了陕北地区应力扰动岩土组合地层氡气析出的响应特征。同时，模型的构建和试验的研究均证明了地下多层岩土介质的氡气浓度总体呈指数分布规律，氡析出率随深度的增大表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势，且在岩土分界层中趋向最大值。微孔孔隙结构是影响陕北地区岩土组合地层氡气浓度分布差异的主控因素。

        Human engineering activities affect the original structure of underground geotechnical bodies, causing radon in underground geotechnical layers to be precipitated to the surface along the fissure channels and changing the normal exhalation characteristics of radon. At present, it has become an efficient and reliable technical means to utilize the radon concentration on the surface as an auxiliary index to accurately detect the complex geological conditions underground. Revealing the storage state of radon inside the geotechnical body and its exhalation mechanism can provide an important theoretical basis for detecting the development characteristics of underground fissure field induced by human engineering activities.

        In this paper, we carried out a comprehensive research work by using indoor tests and theoretical analysis, analyzed the influence of the nature of geotechnical media and the effect of temperature and pressure on radon exhalation, combined with the physical properties, pore structure and other micro-macro response characteristics of geotechnical media, explored the main controlling factors of radon exhalation in geotechnical media, revealed the mechanism of radon exhalation in geotechnical media, and constructed a numerical and theoretical model for the exhalation of radon from the underground multilayered homogeneous porous media, and elucidated the radon gas exhalation law of stress-disturbed geotechnical combined strata. The radon exhalation law in stress-disturbed geotechnical strata was elucidated, and the main controlling factors of radon exhalation obtained from the indoor scale study were verified. The research results and conclusions are as follows:

        (1) Through X-ray diffraction test, nitrogen adsorption test and radon measurement test, physical parameters such as mineral content and pore structure of typical rocks were obtained, and the differences in background radon gas characteristics of typical rocks were analyzed. The pore structure and mineral content of different rocks have significant influence on the background radon gas characteristics, especially the background radon gas concentration of the rocks has obvious positive correlation with the microporous pore space and obvious negative correlation with the fractal dimension of the pore structure.

        (2) In view of the results of radon concentration in geotechnical media with different water content, a theoretical model of radon exhalation in geotechnical media under the water content state was established, and the change characteristics of radon exhalation in geotechnical media under different water content conditions were investigated. The results show that the radon exhalation rate of geotechnical media shows an increasing and then decreasing trend with the increase of water content. Before the water content reaches 0.62 w_max, the radon exhalation rate of geotechnical media increases slowly. When the water content increases to the vicinity of 0.7 w_max, the radon exhalation rates of geotechnical media increase to the maximum value. After approaching saturation, the radon exhalation rates of geotechnical media show a decreasing trend.

        (3) Based on the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology and radon testing technology, the changing rules of physical parameters, pore and fissure structure, and radon exhalation characteristics of the geotechnical media with temperature after heat treatment were analyzed. The results show that the pores of limestone, millstone and sandstone after heat treatment are mainly dominated by micropores, followed by mesopores and macropores. The pores of granite and loess were dominated by mesopores, followed by macropores and micropores. During the heat treatment process from 25 to 800 ℃, the radon exhalation rates of granite and loess belong to the type of "increasing and then decreasing", while those of limestone and diamictite belong to the type of "gradually increasing". The temperature threshold for the phase change of radon exhalation rate in granite and loess is 400 ℃, and that for sandstone is 500 ℃.

         (4) The stress response characteristics of radon gas exhalation from rocks were elucidated by carrying out physical and mechanical tests of rocks under different stresses. The results show that the porosity of internal micropores (r<0.1 μm), mesopores (0.1 μm1.0 μm) decreases when the rocks are in the compression and elasticity stages, and the radon exhalation rate of the rocks decreases significantly. After the rock enters the stable development stage of fracture and the unstable development stage of cleavage, the internal microporosity, mesopore, macroporosity and total porosity increase significantly, while some micropores are transformed to mesopores, the internal pore distribution of the rock becomes more uniform, and the radon exhalation rate shows a trend of gradual increase. There are two types of radon exhalation characteristics of different rocks with the change of stress level: "decreasing and then increasing" and "increasing and then decreasing and then increasing".

         (5) Based on the effects of the nature of the geotechnical medium (lithology, water content) and temperature-pressure interaction on radon exhalation, combined with the micro-macro response characteristics of the geotechnical medium, the mechanism of radon exhalation was revealed. The study shows that the uranium content in acidic magmatic rocks is higher than that in metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, and the feldspar and calcite contents are significantly related to the radonexhalation characteristics. The influence of water content on radon exhalation in geotechnical media is mainly related to the diffusion coefficient and emission coefficient of radon, and the changes of diffusion coefficient and emission coefficient directly affect the state of radon in geotechnical media. The radon exhalation characteristics of rocks are mainly divided into three types by the influence of temperature: low-temperature type (T＜400 ℃), adsorption type (400 ℃＜T＜600 ℃) and bursting type (600 ℃＜T＜800 ℃), and the change of microporous pore structure has caused the change of the free radon storage space and the exhalation channel, which results in the differential change rule of the exhalation characteristics of the radon gas in the geotechnical medium along with the temperature and the effect of stress. The change of microporous structure causes the change of free radon gas storage space and exhalation channel, resulting in the differential change of exhalation characteristics of geotechnical medium with temperature and stress.

        (6) By constructing a mathematical model of radon exhalation in underground multilayered uniform porous media, and combining theoretical analysis and experimental study, the response characteristics of radon exhalation in stress-disturbed geotechnical assemblage strata in northern Shaanxi are described. Meanwhile, the modeling and experimental studies proved that the radon concentration in the underground multilayer geotechnical media generally showed an exponential distribution law, and the radon exhalation rate showed a tendency of increasing and then decreasing with depth, and tended to be maximized in the geotechnical demarcation layer. The microporous pore structure is the main controlling factor influencing the difference in the distribution of radon gas concentration in the geotechnical composite strata in northern Shaanxi.

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