地表沟道采动裂缝溃水问题是浅埋煤层首采工作面经过地表沟谷时面临的主要水患问题之一。陕北侏罗纪煤田浅埋煤层地表多为黄土沟壑地貌，沟谷常流水或雨季洪水沿采动贯通裂缝溃入井下引起的水害事故，严重威胁矿井安全生产。本文以典型黄土沟壑地貌浅埋煤层红柳林矿井为研究对象，开展过沟开采地表采动裂缝溃水危险性预测研究，对浅埋煤层的安全生产具有重要的理论意义和实际意义。

采用无人机低空遥感调查和“单条裂缝多点标记”现场实测的方法对研究区5^-2煤层25211工作面和4^-2煤层44204工作面地表采动裂缝静态发育规律和动态发育规律进行了研究。研究结果表明，该区域地表采动裂缝的平面展布类型主要分为平行切眼裂缝和平行顺槽裂缝两大类，随工作面推进，裂缝呈现“U”型展布特点。工作面内平行切眼裂缝随着工作面的推进其裂缝宽度和错台高度先增大后减小，切眼附近采动裂缝宽度和错台远大于工作面内平行切眼裂缝。通过对新生裂缝发育位置与工作面回采位置之间的关系分析，25211工作面回采中新生裂缝空间位置整体超前于工作面回采位置，44204工作面回采中新生裂缝空间位置整体上滞后于工作面回采位置，其原因与工作面土基比、煤层采厚相关。

将冒落带和导水裂隙带的上、中、下三段发育高度与煤层埋深的关系作为确定冒裂安全性分区的关键性指标，将地表沟道采动冒裂安全性分为高危险区、较高危险区、中等危险区、一般危险区和安全区五类，绘制了研究区芦草沟冒裂安全性分区预测图。将地表径流下溃水水害类型划分为溃水溃砂型、强溃水型、中等溃水型、弱溃水型和渗漏型五类。在此基础上，对研究区芦草沟进行了溃水水害类型分区预测。

根据掌握的已采工作面的地表采动裂缝发育规律，对比已采工作面和待采工作面的地质条件，采用“类比法”对芦草沟各首采煤层回采后地表采动裂缝的发育特征进行了预测。结合野外实测的芦草沟地表常流水流量，对首采煤层地段的地表常流水水量进行了预计。基于ArcGIS软件平台中的水文分析模块对研究区芦草沟各煤层首采面与沟道的交点为流域出口进行了流域分析，结合水科院法对不同工作面的洪水流量进行了预计。利用课题组自主研发的沟道溃水量室内实验平台，得出沟道不同宽度采动裂缝溃水量预计的数学模型，对研究区各待采工作面回采后沟道溃水量进行了预测。

基于沟道溃水量预测结果，以矿井排水能力为直接评价指标将矿井溃水量划分为小、中、大和极大4个级别。叠加溃水量分级结果和矿井溃水水害类型分区结果，制定了沟道溃水危险性分级标准，将沟道溃水危险性划为安全、危险性小、危险性中等、危险性高和危险性极高五种类型，并对研究区芦草沟非汛期和汛期两种情况下的溃水危险性进行了分区预测。结果表明，非汛期以危险性小和中等危险性为主，汛期以高危险性为主。

Water inrush from ground cracks is one of typical mine water inrush disaster in shallow buried coal seams when the first mining face passes through gullys. The surface of the shallow-buried coal seams in the Jurassic coalfield in northern Shaanxi is mostly loess gully landform, and the flood accident caused by the continuous flow of water in the gully or the flood in the rainy season breaking into the underground along the mining through cracks seriously threatens the safety of mine production. This paper takes the Hongliulin mine as the research object, and carries out the research on the risk prediction of the water inrush of the surface mining cracks in the ditch mining, which has important theoretical and practical significance for the safety production of shallow buried coal seams.

The static development law and dynamic development law of surface mining fractures in the 5^-2 coal seam 25211 working face and the 4^-2 coal seam 44204 working face in the study area were carried out by means of unmanned aerial vehicle low-altitude remote sensing survey and "single fracture multi-point marking" field measurement.  The research results show that the plane distribution types of surface mining fractures in this area are mainly divided into two categories: parallel-cut fractures and parallel-groove fractures. With the advancement of the working face, the width and height of the parallel cut-hole fractures in the working face first increase and then decrease. The width and offset of the mining fracture near the cut-hole are much larger than those of the parallel cut-hole fractures in the working face. Through the analysis of the relationship between the development position of new fractures and the mining position of the working face, the spatial position of the new fractures in the mining of the 25211 working face is ahead of the mining position of the working face, and the spatial position of the new fractures in the mining of the 44204 working face generally lags behind the mining of the working face. The reason is related to the soil-base ratio of the working face and the mining thickness of the coal seam.

The relationship between the development heights of the upper, middle and lower sections of the caving zone and the water-conducting fracture zone and the burial depth of the coal seam is used as the key index to determine the safety zone of caving. Dangerous area, high-risk area, medium-risk area, general-hazardous area, and safety area are classified into five categories, and a prediction map of the cracking safety zone of Lucaogou in the study area is drawn. The types of water intrusion under surface runoff are divided into five types: sand inrush type, strong water inrush type, moderate water inrush type, weak water inrush type and seepage type. On this basis, the zoning prediction of the type of water inrush and flood damage was carried out for Lucaogou in the study area.

According to the development law of surface mining fractures in the mined working face, the geological conditions of the mined working face and the working face to be mined are compared. Developmental characteristics were predicted. Combined with the field-measured surface constant water flow in Lucaogou, the surface constant water flow in the first coal seam section is estimated. Based on the hydrological analysis module in the ArcGIS software platform, the watershed analysis was carried out on the intersection of the first mining face and the channel of each coal seam in Lucaogou in the study area as the watershed outlet. Using the indoor experimental platform of channel water inrush amount independently developed by the research group, a mathematical model for predicting the water inrush amount of mining fractures with different widths of the channel is obtained, and the channel water inrush amount after mining is predicted for each working face to be mined in the study area.

Based on the prediction results of channel water inrush, the mine drainage capacity is used as the direct evaluation index to divide the mine water inrush into four levels: small, medium, large and extremely large. By superimposing the classification results of water inrush amount and the classification results of mine water intrusion and water damage types, the classification standard of channel water inrush risk is formulated, and the channel water inrush risk is classified as safe, low risk, medium risk, high risk and dangerous There are five types of extremely high, and the water inrush risk of Lucaogou in the study area in non-flood season and flood season is predicted by division. The results showed that the non-flood season was dominated by low and medium risks, and the flood season was dominated by high risks.