硅橡胶泡沫（SiFs）是聚硅氧烷发泡而成的具有网状结构特性的高分子材料，兼具了硅橡胶和泡沫材料的结构与特性，被广泛应用于航空航天、军事、生物医学以及电子器件的包装等领域。但在高温（火焰）下SiFs会产生有毒烟气，严重威胁火场中人员安全，增加消防救援难度，所以必须对其进行抑烟减毒处理。纳米过渡金属氧化物（TMO）通过表面或“壁效应”在火焰区产生辐射耗散，或通过还原偶联机理来实现有毒气体的抑制等方式提高材料的抑烟减毒性能，被广泛应用于聚氯乙烯、聚氨酯泡沫等高分子材料，但目前在SiFs中应用较少。为此，本文以抑制SiFs烟气产生、降低其烟气毒性为目标，将不同的纳米TMO添加在SiFs中形成SiFs复合材料，系统地研究纳米TMO对SiFs抑烟减毒的影响，揭示纳米TMO对SiFs抑烟减毒中的主要机理。主要的研究成果如下：

     （1）本文将单一和复配的纳米TMO添加到SiFs中，对SiFs复合材料的抑烟减毒性能进行了研究。一方面，纳米ZnO、TiO₂、NiO和ZrO₂四种抑烟剂使得SiFs复合材料的阻燃等级从V-1上升至V-0，其中20wt%纳米NiO/SiFs复合材料的极限氧指数提升至28.4%，其火灾危险性降至最低。通过锥形量热实验发现，20wt%纳米NiO/SiFs复合材料的点燃时间、火灾性能和蔓延指数均得到显著降低，其pk₂HRR和THR分别降低了40.0%和29.6%；利用建材烟密度仪实验发现，其最大烟密度和烟密度等级分别下降了58.40%和52.20%；在材料烟气毒性测试实验中，其产生烟气的麻醉性达到毒性等级中最安全的AQ₁级。

    （2）基于20wt%纳米NiO/SiFs复合材料具有良好的抑烟减毒效果，研究了其抑烟减毒机理。热重结果表明，20wt%的纳米NiO能增强SiFs复合材料的热稳定性，残炭量提升了21.9%。氮气气氛下分析其在管式炉中热解的气体产物发现，20wt%的纳米NiO在SiFs复合材料中抑烟减毒作用主要发生在345.29~434.91 °C。由于纳米NiO比表面积大，吸附能力强，在该阶段下促进凝聚相炭层生成，隔绝热量向基体内部传递。同时Ni²⁺与空气中的氧气反应，使SiFs复合材料侧链断裂的有机基团在Ni²⁺催化成炭作用下转化为炭层和CH₄，减少了CO等有毒烟气的生成，实现了隔热、隔氧和抑制烟气生成和逸出。

        Silicone rubber foam (SiFs) is a polymer material with reticular structure made from polysiloxane foaming, which combines the structure and characteristics of silicone rubber and foam materials, so it has been widely used in aerospace, military, biomedical and electronic device packaging fields. However, SiFs can produce toxic fumes at high temperature (flame), which seriously threatens the safety of personnel, so it is necessary to conduct smoke suppression and toxicity reduction treatment. Nano transition metal oxide (TMO) can improve the smoke suppression and toxicity reduction performance of materials by generating radiation dissipation in the flame zone through the surface or "wall effect", or inhibiting toxic gases through the reduction coupling mechanism. At present, it is widely used in PVC, polyurethane foam, resin and other polymer materials. However, it is rarely used for SiFs materials. Therefore, with the goal of inhibiting the flue gas production and reducing the toxicity of SiFs, different nano-TMOs are added to SiFs to form SiFs composites, and the effects of nano-TMOs on SiFs smoke suppression and detoxification are systematically studied, and the main mechanisms of nano-TMOs on SiFs smoke suppression and attenuation are revealed. The research results are as follows:

        (1) In this paper, single or compound nano-TMOs are added to SiFs to study the smoke suppression and toxicity attenuation properties of SiFs composites. On the one hand, the four smoke suppressants of nano ZnO, TiO₂, NiO and ZrO₂ increased the flame retardant grade of SiFs composites from V-1 to V-0, of which the limiting oxygen index of 20wt% nano NiO/SiFs composites increased to 28.4%, and their fire hazard was minimized. The test of cone calorimeter showed that the ignition time, fire performance and spread index of 20wt% nano-NiO/SiFs composites were significantly reduced, and their pk2HRR and THR were reduced by 40.0% and 29.6%, respectively. The maximum smoke density and smoke density grade decreased by 58.40% and 52.20%, respectively. In the material smoke toxicity test, the narcotic nature of the smoke produced reaches the safest AQ₁ toxicity class.

        (2) Based on the good smoke suppression and detoxification effect of 20wt% nano-NiO/SiFs composite, the mechanism of smoke suppression and detoxification was studied. The thermogravimetric results showed that 20wt% nano-NiO could enhance the thermal stability of SiFs composites, and the residual carbon content increased by 21.9%. Analysis of the gas products pyrolyzed in tubular furnace under nitrogen atmosphere showed that the smoke suppression and attenuation effect of 20wt% nano-NiO in SiFs composites mainly occurred at 345.29~434.91 °C. The nano-NiO has a large specific surface area and strong adsorption capacity, which promotes the formation of a condensed phase carbon layer at this stage and isolates the heat transfer to the matrix. At the same time, Ni²⁺ reacts with oxygen in the air, so that the organic group of SiFs composite side chain fracture is converted into carbon layer and CH₄ under the action of Ni²⁺ catalytic carbonization, which reduces the formation of toxic smoke such as CO, and realizes heat insulation, oxygen insulation and inhibition of flue gas generation and escape.

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