二氧化碳（CO₂）是主要的温室气体之一，对全球气候变化有显著影响，已引起生态系统破坏等一系列问题。CO₂地质封存不仅是实现“双碳”目标的重要技术途径，更是CO₂捕集、利用与封存技术的关键环节。CO₂注入后可能会影响断层的力学稳定性，使断层面滑动，但目前关于CO₂注入断层的研究非常有限。因此，研究CO₂封存作用下断层活动性特征及机制对于CO₂有效安全封存具有现实意义。

本文基于内蒙古自治区科技重大专项“CO₂封存作用下断层活化机制与临界条件”的课题三“CO₂环境暴露效应评估与断层活化调控技术开发”，以伊敏河东矿区第一煤矿（敏东一矿）为地质背景，综合采用物理模型、室内试验和理论分析等方法研究了断层在CO₂注入过程及封存条件下的应变-温度场响应规律，探讨了不同倾角断层在CO₂注入过程中的围压敏感性，从化学和力学作用角度揭示了CO₂封存对断层稳定性的影响机制。研究成果和结论如下：

（1）基于自主设计的大型三维CO₂封存系统，构建了符合敏东一矿实际地层的物理模型，研究了CO₂注入过程的地层压力及声发射特征，分析了CO₂注入过程中断层的应变-温度场响应规律。CO₂注入过程的压力变化具有明显阶段性，可分为升/降压阶段、稳定阶段和升压阶段，随着CO₂注入会逐渐生成CO₂水合物，阻塞流动通道，压力由稳定阶段的4 MPa快速上升至40 MPa。声发射定位点主要分布于CO₂封存出口及出口上方断层两侧。地层应变和温度变化趋势基本对应，主要变化区域均位于断层附近，变化值随CO₂注入时间增加呈增大趋势。CO₂注入层的应变和温度变化最大，分别可达125 με和10.5 ℃，显著高于其它地层。地层应变在CO₂注入过程中以拉应变为主，相同位置横向应变大于纵向应变。经剖面划分可知地层应变和温度升高的中心位置以及声发射定位点与地层水分布密切相关。

（2）基于大型三维CO₂封存物理模型，分析了CO₂封存条件下断层的应变-温度场响应规律，并基于地层的视电阻率演化特征探讨了CO₂扩散过程。地层的应变和温度变化在CO₂封存过程中具有明显阶段性，整体变化趋势为先增加后降低并保持稳定。应变场的拉应变区域以及温度场的温度升高区域随封存时间增加逐渐向CO₂封存出口收缩，拉应变逐渐转化为压应变，在第72 h时压应变和温度降低值达到最大，最大区域与注入CO₂结束时的拉应变和温度变大区域基本一致。CO₂封存出口位置以及断层端点的视电阻率变化与地层水分布以及CO₂注入后发生固化反应的位置密切相关。

（3）基于真三轴CO₂封存系统，研究了液态CO₂注入断层试样的压力变化规律，分析了断层倾角及围压对CO₂注入压力及试样裂纹演化的影响。当断层倾角相同时，CO₂注入最大压力、试样表面裂纹发育程度和最大波速变化值均与围压呈正相关。当围压相同时，CO₂注入最大压力随着断层倾角的增大呈现先降低后增加的趋势，在45°时最低。试样表面裂纹分布与断层倾角相关，裂缝沿断层向四周发育。波速变化与试样表面的裂缝发育基本对应，变化最大区域位于试样中心附近。

（4）基于CO₂与含水地层反应系统，研究了类比不同类型断层砂岩在CO₂与地层水长期耦合作用下的温度和压力变化，分析了砂岩反应前后的孔隙变化特征。并构建了有效气体压力对断层失稳的数学模型，揭示了CO₂注入诱发断层活动性机制。CO₂与含水地层反应的温度和压力变化过程整体可以分为快速下降期、缓慢下降期和稳定变化期三个阶段。贯通样由于与溶液的接触面积最大，生成的新矿物晶体和黏土颗粒堵塞孔隙喉道使其孔隙度减小值最大，高浓度的盐溶液会抑制CO₂与含水地层反应。CO₂注入引起的孔隙压力变化是诱发断层活动的潜在触发条件。当断层内的气体压力大于断层所承受的压应力时，岩体会发生脆性破裂或滑移，断层扩展。

CO₂ is one of the primary greenhouse gases, exerting a significant impact on global climate change and giving rise to a range of issues such as ecosystem degradation. CO₂ geological storage is not only serves as a pivotal technological approach towards achieving the "dual-carbon", but also plays a critical role in the overall framework of CO₂ capture, utilization, and storage. The injection of CO₂ may have an impact on the mechanical stability of faults, potentially resulting in fault plane sliding. However, current research on CO₂ injection into faults is limited. Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the characteristics and mechanisms of fault mobility under CO₂ sequestration for effective and safe CO₂ sequestration.

Based on the "Assessment of CO₂ environmental exposure effect and development of fault activation regulation technology", which is part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Major Project "Fault Activation Mechanism and Critical Condition under CO₂ Sequestration". Based on the geological background of the Mindong No.1 mine, a comprehensive investigation was conducted using physical modeling, laboratory experiments, and theoretical analysis to examine the strain-temperature field response of faults under conditions of CO₂ injection and long-term storage. The sensitivity of different inclined faults to confining pressure during the CO₂ injection process was explored, while elucidating the impact mechanism of CO₂ storage on fault stability from both chemical and mechanical perspectives. The research results and conclusions are as follows:

(1) The construction of a large-scale three-dimensional CO₂ sequestration system, designed independently, involved the development of a physical model that accurately represents the geological formation of Mindong No.1 mine. This study focuses on investigating formation pressure and acoustic emission characteristics during the process of CO₂ injection, as well as analyzing the response of fault strain-temperature fields to CO₂ injection. The pressure change during the CO₂ injection process exhibits distinct stages, which can be categorized into the stages of pressure increase/decrease, stability, and further pressure increase. As CO₂ is injected, gradual formation of CO₂ hydrates leads to the obstruction of flow channels, resulting in a rapid rise in pressure from 4 MPa during the stable stage to 40 MPa. Acoustic emission localization points are mainly located on both sides of the CO₂ sequestration outlet and the fault above the outlet. Strain and temperature variations of formation closely correspond with each other, primarily occurring near fault zones. The magnitude of these variations tends to amplify as the duration of CO₂ injection increases. The strain and temperature changes in the CO₂ injection layer are the highest, reaching up to 125 με and 10.5 ℃ respectively, significantly higher than other layers. During the CO₂ injection process, the strain of the formation primarily exhibits tensile strain, with lateral strain surpassing vertical strain at the same location. By segmenting into sections, it becomes evident that the centers of strain and temperature increase in the formation are closely associated with groundwater distribution within the formation.

(2) Based on a large-scale three-dimensional physical model of CO₂ sequestration, we analyzed the strain-temperature field response of the faults under long-term CO₂ sequestration conditions, and explored the CO₂ diffusion process based on the apparent resistivity evolution characteristics of the formation. The long-term process of CO₂ sequestration involves distinct stages of strain and temperature changes in the formation, characterized by an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease and eventual stability. The tensile strain region of the strain field and the temperature increase region of the temperature field gradually contracted toward the CO₂ storage outlet with the increase of storage time, and the tensile strain was gradually converted into compressive strain, and the compressive strain and temperature decrease reached the maximum at the 72nd hour, and the maximum region was basically the same as that at the end of the injection of CO₂, with the tensile strain and the temperature becoming larger. Changes in electrical resistivity at CO₂ sequestration outlet locations and fault endpoints are closely related to the spatial distribution of formation water and the location where the solidification reaction occurs subsequent to CO₂ injection.

(3) Based on the true triaxial CO₂ sealing system, the pressure changes rule of liquid CO₂ injected into the fault specimen was investigated. The effects of fault dip angle and confining pressure on the CO₂ injection pressure and specimen crack evolution were analyzed. When the fault dip angle is the same, the maximum pressure of CO₂ injection, the degree of crack development on the surface of the specimen and the change value of the maximum wave velocity are positively correlated with the confining pressure. When the confining pressure is the same, the maximum pressure of CO₂ injection shows a tendency of decreasing and then increasing with the increase of the fault dip angle, and it is the lowest at 45°. The distribution of surface cracks in the test sample is correlated with the fault dip angle, and these cracks propagate outward along the fault plane. The variation in wave velocity exhibits a close correspondence with the evolution of surface cracks, displaying maximum changes near the central region of the sample.

(4) Based on the reaction system between CO₂ and water-bearing strata, the temperature and pressure changes of sandstones of analogous different types of faults under the long-term coupling of CO₂ and formation water were investigated, and the pore change characteristics of sandstones before and after the reaction were analyzed. A mathematical model of effective gas pressure on fault destabilization was also constructed, revealing the mechanism of CO₂ injection-induced fault activity. The overall process of temperature and pressure changes in the reaction between CO₂ and water-bearing strata can be categorized into three distinct stages: an initial rapid decline period, followed by a subsequent gradual decline period, and ultimately leading to a stable variation period. As the contact area with the solution is the largest, the new mineral crystals and clay particles generated in the through sample block the pore throat, which results in the largest decrease in porosity, and the high concentration of salt solution inhibits the reaction between CO₂ and the water-bearing strata. The changes in pore pressure resulting from CO₂ injection represent potential triggering conditions for fault activity. When the gas pressure within the fault surpasses its stress threshold, the rock will undergo brittle fracture or slip, leading to expansion of the fault.

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