近年来，洪涝、泥石流、地震等自然灾害频发，给我国自然灾害救助物资储备和运输提出了巨大的挑战，尽管不断完善的应急网络体系给自然灾害救助物资储备及路径优化奠定了基础，然而受物资分类模糊、储备不当等多种因素影响，给自然灾害救助物资的储备库选址及库存、运输路径等带来困难。如何确定自然灾害救助物资分级储备及运输路径，使自然灾害救助物资得到最大程度的利用，在自然灾害发生时能够充分保障受灾人员的基本生活需求，已成为国内外相关领域学者以及社会各界关注的焦点。

因此，针对此问题，本文考虑灾前准备时储备阶段以及发生灾害第一时间路径选择阶段，自然灾害救助物资需求分级、储备库选址以及物资运输路径优化。首先，确定自然灾害救助物资需求分级评价指标，构建分级评价体系，使用基于AHP-反熵赋权法的TOPSIS方法对代表性自然灾害救助物资进行分级排序。其次，考虑到运输及出入库等条件，从物资储备成本及受灾人员需求的角度建立自然灾害救助物资储备库选址及库存模型。最后，以时间为目标考虑灾后物资运输路径优化问题，构建自然灾害救助物资运输路径优化模型，针对储备点的车辆数目不同确定31种车辆运输方案。得出以下结论：

（1）通过对10种救助物资的实例应用，将物资分为紧急级、严重级、一般级三个级别，结果表明了改进权值的TOPSIS方法可以有效的对救助物资进行排序分级。

（2）基于自然灾害救助物资需求分级结果，对某市的13个区县进行了选址及库存研究，构建了以成本最低、需求最高为目标的数学模型，并借助改进的遗传学算法对模型进行求解，得出18个Pareto非劣解，每个解中包含相应的受灾点位置、需求量以及储备库的位置，根据两目标相互权衡，给出不同决策方案。

（3）使用AnyLogic软件对某地可能发生的洪涝灾害进行物资运输路径选择，通过设置不同车辆数量对运输路径选择，提出31种车辆运输方案，模拟不同方案下的路径选择，选择出总时长最短对应车辆数量下的运输路径，为应急救援提供理论支撑。

In recent years, natural disasters such as floods, mudslides and earthquakes occur frequently, which poses a great challenge to the storage and transportation of natural disaster relief materials in China. Although the continuous improvement of the emergency network system has laid the foundation for the storage and route optimization of natural disaster relief materials, it is difficult to select the storage location, inventory and transportation route of natural disaster relief materials due to many factors such as fuzzy material classification and improper storage. How to determine the hierarchical storage and transportation path of natural disaster relief materials, so as to maximize the utilization of natural disaster relief materials and fully ensure the basic living needs of disaster victims in the event of natural disasters has become the focus of scholars in relevant fields and all sectors of society at home and abroad.

Therefore, in view of this problem, this paper considers the reserve stage in pre disaster preparation and the first time path selection stage in the event of a disaster, the classification of material demand for natural disaster relief, the location of reserve warehouse and the optimization of material transportation path. Firstly, the hierarchical evaluation index of natural disaster relief materials demand is determined, the hierarchical evaluation system is constructed, and the representative natural disaster relief materials are ranked by TOPSIS method based on AHP anti entropy weighting method. Secondly, considering the conditions of transportation and warehousing, the location and inventory model of natural disaster relief material reserve are established from the perspective of material reserve cost and the needs of disaster victims. Finally, taking time as the goal, considering the post disaster material transportation path optimization problem, this paper constructs the natural disaster relief material transportation path optimization model, and determines 31 vehicle transportation schemes according to the different number of vehicles in the reserve points. The following conclusions are drawn:

(1) Through the application of 10 kinds of relief materials, the materials are divided into three levels: emergency level, serious level and general level. The results show that the TOPSIS method with improved weight can effectively sort and grade the relief materials.

(2) Based on the demand grading results of natural disaster relief materials, the site selection and inventory of 13 districts and counties in a city are studied, and the mathematical model aiming at the lowest cost and the highest demand is constructed. The model is solved with the help of improved genetic algorithm, and 18 Pareto non inferior solutions are obtained. Each solution includes the corresponding location of the disaster point, the demand and the location of the reserve, which are weighed against each other according to the two objectives. Different decision schemes are given.

(3) AnyLogic software is used to select the material transportation path for the possible flood disaster in a place. By setting the number of vehicles to select the transportation path, 31 vehicle transportation schemes are proposed to simulate the path selection under different schemes, and the transportation path with the shortest total time corresponding to the number of vehicles is selected to provide theoretical support for emergency rescue.

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