当今时代由于经济快速发展、人口迅速增长、大规模城市化和社区生活方式的改变，固体废弃物的产量急剧增加，造成环境污染和全球气候变化。污泥是废水处理厂中主要的有机固体副产物之一，如果未经处理或处理不当，会带来严重的环境污染和健康问题。因此，寻找一种成本效益高，环境友好的途径处理污泥具有重要意义。另一方面，我国的半焦资源丰富，由于半焦粉粒度过小，无法满足工艺要求，且综合利用程度低，严重影响产业的经济效益及可持续发展。利用半焦粉、污泥制备污泥水焦浆（Sludge- Semi-coke Water Slurry，S-SCWS）是处理污泥和半焦粉的一种新型高效利用技术，可替代石油、天然气等进行燃烧或气化。它对我国的能源安全供应及长期稳定发展，具有重要的战略意义及实际意义。

论文首先研究了半焦粉制备水焦浆的工艺，探讨不同阴离子分散剂对水焦浆成浆性能的影响。结果表明：以亚甲基双萘磺酸钠/聚羧酸盐（NNO/PCE）作为分散剂制备的水焦浆表观粘度为359.3 mPa·s，7天析水率为1.42%，流动性为A⁺，无沉淀产生，浆体的稳定性提高，最大成浆浓度为69.1%。引入污泥作为第二相，优化半焦粉的粒度级配，确定了添加污泥的最佳比例。研究发现污泥颗粒是由大量的细胞组织和絮状体结构组成，絮状体由废水中的悬浮固体凝聚在一起，絮体具有松散的网状结构、极高的比表面积和孔隙率，从而加强了水的吸附；随着污泥添加量的增加，浆体表观粘度也随着增加，析水率增加，有硬沉淀产生，稳定性变差，浆体变得粘稠。完成了城市污泥的改性预处理，探讨低温热碱、微波、微波-H₂O₂联合、超声波改性污泥对半焦粉成浆性的影响。结果表明：低温热碱和超声波改性污泥制备的1-MS-SCWS和4-MS-SCWS对浆体的假塑性行为有积极影响，显著改善浆体的流变性能，浆体表观粘度分别为434.2 mPa·s和407.8 mPa·s，7天析水率都为0%，无沉淀产生，稳定性明显提高；不同方法改性污泥制备的水焦浆最大成浆浓度为：3-MS-SCWS（68.7%） > 4-MS-SCWS（68.5%）> 1-MS-SCWS（68.1%）> 2-MS-SCWS（67.6%）> S-SCWS（66.7%）。

通过分散剂吸附实验深入分析污泥水焦浆成浆机理。分散剂的加入改变了半焦、污泥颗粒的接触角，导致半焦、污泥颗粒亲水性发生变化。在改变半焦、污泥颗粒表面电荷的同时，颗粒之间的静电斥力会增强。准二级速率方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型可以更好地描述分散剂在半焦、污泥颗粒表面的动态吸附过程。扩展的DLVO（Extended - Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek，E-DLVO）理论计算表明，吸附分散剂后半焦、污泥颗粒之间的相互作用力可以得到显着改善。

最后，论文评价了污泥水焦浆的气化性能。引入污泥制浆，补充半焦粉缺失的有机挥发分，提升了水焦浆的气化活性。当污泥添加到水焦浆中时，新形成的CaO/Na-Al硅酸盐会抑制气化过程中挥发性重金属氯化物的形成，使水焦浆的气化活性提高，促使气化反应的进行；气化反应动力学研究表明在1040 ~ 1080℃温度区间内，浆体的活化能E和指前因子A较大，气化效果明显。

本论文的研究对污泥水焦浆的制备和应用提供基础数据。

Nowadays, because of the development of economy, the growth of population, the large-scale urbanization and the changes in social lifestyle. The improvement of living standards means a significant increase in the production of solid waste, which cause the environmental pollution and the changes of global climate. Sludge is one of the major organic solid by-products in wastewater treatment plants, If it has not been handled or handled improperly, it would cause serious environmental pollution and health problems. Therefore, finding a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to treat sludge is of great significance. In addition, semi-coke resources are abundant in China, but the particle size of semi-coke powder is not large enough, which could not fulfill the requirements of process. Meanwhile, the semi-coke has the low comprehensive utilization rate, which seriously affects the economic benefits and sustainable development of the industry. Preparation of Sludge-Semi-coke Water Slurry (S-SCWS) by using semi-coke powder and sludge is the new high-efficiency utilization technology in treating sludge and semi-coke powder, The S-SCWS could replace the oil and natural gas for combustion or gasification. It is the important strategy and practical significance for Chinese energy supplying securely and long-term stable development.

This paper study the process of preparing semi-coke water slurry from semi-coke powder firstly. The effect of different anionic dispersants on the slurryability of semi-coke water slurry was discussed. The results showed that the apparent viscosity of semi-coke water slurry was 359.3 mPa·s which prepared by using sodium methylenebisnaphthalene sulfonate/polycarboxylate water reducer (NNO/PCE) as dispersant, and the water separation rate in 7 days was 1.42 %. the liquidity reached A⁺, the precipitation did not occur, the stability of the slurry was improved, and the maximum slurry concentration was 69.1 %. Furthermore, sludge was introduced as the second phase, the particle size distribution of semi-coke powder was optimized, and the best proportion of sludge was determined. The results showed that the sludge particles were composed of a large number of cell tissues and floc structures, the flocs were aggregated by the suspended solids in the wastewater, which had a loose network structure, extremely high specific surface area and porosity. Thus, the adsorption of water was enhanced. with the increase of sludge addition, the apparent viscosity of the slurry and the rate of water separation were increases, the hard precipitation was discovered, the stability worsened, and the slurry thickened. According to the comprehensive consideration, The amount of sludge added in the subsequent preparation of modified sludge semi-coke water slurry was 10 wt%.

By pretreatment and modification of municipal sludge, the effects of modified sludge which prepared by low-temperature thermal-alkali modification, microwave modification, microwave-H₂O₂ combined modification and ultrasonic modification on the slurryability of semi-coke were discussed. The results showed that 1-MS-SCW and 4-MS-SCWS prepared by adding low-temperature thermal-alkali modified sludge and ultrasonic modified sludge had a positive effect on the pseudoplastic behavior of the slurry, and the significant improvement of the rheological of the slurry was discovered. The apparent viscosity of slurries was 434.2 mPa·s and 407.8 mPa·s, respectively. the water separation rate was 0% for 7 days, the precipitation was not produced, and the stability was significantly improved; the maximum slurry concentration of semi-coke water slurry prepared by different methods of modified sludge was as follows: 3-MS-SCWS (68.7%) > 4-MS-SCWS (68.5%) > 1-MS-SCWS (68.1%) > 2-MS-SCWS (67.6%) > S-SCWS (66.7%).

In this paper, the mechanism of S-SCWS formation was analyzed by dispersant adsorption experiment. The addition of dispersant changed the contact angle of the semi-coke and the sludge particles, which resulted in the change of the hydrophilicity of the sludge particles and the semi-coke. While the surface charge of semi-coke and sludge particles was changed, the electrostatic repulsion between particles would be enhanced. The adsorption kinetics of dispersant showed that the pseudo-second-order rate equation and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model could better describe the dynamic adsorption process of dispersant on the surface of semi-coke and sludge particles. Finally, the calculations of the extended DLVO theory (Extended-Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek, E-DLVO) showed that the interaction force between the semi-coke and sludge particles could be significantly improved after adsorbing the dispersant.

At last, the paper evaluated the gasification performance of S-SCWS, Sludge was introduced to supplement the organic volatiles which was missed from the semi-coke powder and improve the gasification activity of the semi-coke water slurry. The results showed that when the sludge was added to the semi-coke water slurry, the newly formed CaO/Na-Al silicate inhibited the formation of volatile heavy metal chlorides during the gasification process. It meant that the gasification activity and reaction of the semi-coke water slurry could be promoted. The co-gasification behavior of the semi-coke water slurry was fitted by the Coats-Redfern reaction kinetic model. The kinetics of gasification reaction showed that in the temperature range of 1040 ~ 1080℃, the activation energy E and preexponential factor A of the slurry were larger, and the gasification effect was obvious.

The research in this paper provides basic data for the preparation and application of Sludge - semi-coke water slurry.

[1] Wei L L, Zhu F Y, Li Q Y, et al. Development, current state and future trends of sludge management in China: Based on exploratory data and CO2-equivaient emissions analysis [J]. Environment International, 2022, 144: 106093.

[2] Nuhaa S. Insight into the recovery of nutrientsfrom organic solid waste through biochemical conversion processes for fertilizer production: A review [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 241: 1-16.

[3] Bora A P, Gupta D P, Durbha K S, et al. Sewage sludge to bio-fuel: A review on the sustainable approach of transforming sewage waste to alternative fuel[J]. Fuel, 2020, 259: 1-25.

[4] 深圳立木信息咨询. 污泥处理处置市场调研与未来预测报告[EB/OL]. http://www.lmcmr.com/gongyeshebei/zhuanyongshebei/2019-08-05/13974. html, 2020.

[5] 亚洲环保网. 2024年的污泥处理市场规模将超过900亿元[EB/OL]. https://www.sohu.com/a/303450616120067896, 2019.

[6] Chang Z Y, Long G C, Zhou J L, et al. Valorization of sewage sludge in the fabrication of construction and building materials: A review [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2020, 154: 104606.

[7] Park K Y, Jang H M, Park M-R, et al. Combination of different substrates to improve anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge in a wastewater treatment plant[J]. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2016, 109: 73-77.

[8] Barbara R, Giuseppe C, Giuseppe G, et al. Improvement of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge in a wastewater treatment plant by means of mechanical and thermal pre-treatments: Performance, energy and economical assessment[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 175: 298-308.

[9] Zhao J M, Hou T T, Zhang Z Y, et al. Anaerobic co-digestion of hydrolysate from anaerobically digested sludge with raw waste activated sludge: Feasibility assessment of a new sewage sludge management strategy in the context of a local wastewater treatment plant[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020, 314: 123748.

[10] Boylu F, Atesok G, Dinger H. The effect of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the stability of coal-water slurries [J]. Fuel, 2005, 84 (2/3): 315-319.

[11] 谢欣馨, 戴爱军, 杜彦学, 等. 水煤浆分散剂的发展动向[J]. 煤炭加工与综合用, 2010, 2: 43-46.

[12] Zhao Z H, Wang R K, Ge L C, et al. Energy utilization of coal-coking wastes via coal slurry preparation: The characteristics of slurrying, combustion, and pollutant emission[J]. Energy, 2019, 168: 609-618.

[13] Tu Y A, Feng P, Ren Y G, et al. Adsorption of ammonia nitrogen on lignite and its influence on coal water slurry preparation[J]. Fuel, 2019, 238 (15): 34-43.

[14] Namkung H, Park J H, Lee Y J, et al. Characteristics of novel synthetic fuels using coal and sewage sludge impregnated bioliquid applying for a coal combustion system[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2017, 167: 153-161.

[15] Xu M H, Zhang J, Liu H F, et al. The resource utilization of oily sludge by co-gasification with coal [J]. Fuel, 2014, 126: 55-61.

[16] He Q H, Xie D, Xu R F, et al. The utilization of sewage sludge by blending with coal water slurry [J]. Fuel, 2015, 159: 40-44.

[17] Chen Y D, Wang R P, Duan X G, et al. Production, properties, and catalytic applications of sludge derived biochar for environmental remediation[J]. Water Research, 2020, 187: 116390.

[18] Pudełko A, Postawa P, Stachowiak T, et al. Waste derived biochar as an alternative filler in biocomposites-Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of biochar added biocomposites [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 278: 123850.

[19] Wang G J, Tang Z K, Wei J, et al. Effect of salinity on anammox nitrogen removal efficiency and sludge properties at low temperature [J]. Environmental Technology, 2019, 41 (22): 2920-2927.

[20] Dai Q X, Ren N Q, Ning P, et al. Inorganic flocculant for sludge treatment: Characterization, sludge properties, interaction mechanisms and heavy metals variations [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020, 275: 111255.

[21] Yu M, Sun C D, Wang L H, et al. Semi-coke activated persulfate promotes simultaneous degradation of sulfadiazine and tetracycline in a binary mixture [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 416: 129122.

[22] Vallner L, Gavrilova O, Vilu R. Environmental risks and problems of the optimal management of an oil shale semi-coke and ash landfill in Kohtla-Jrve, Estonia [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 524-525: 400-415.

[23] Shan S Q, Chen B H, Zhou Z J,et al. Spectral radiation characteristics in semi-coke jet flame for energy utilization [J]. Fuel, 302: 121194.

[24] Zhang L J, Xu X H, Feng J, et al. Waste semi-coke/polydopamine based self-floating solar evaporator for water purification[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2021, 230: 111237.

[25] Chen B K, Yang S Y, Wu Y Y, et al. Intensified phenols extraction and oil removal for industrial semi-coking wastewater: A novel economic pretreatment process design [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242: 118453.

[26] Chen W W, Kong Y C, Li J D, et al. Enhanced biodegradation of crude oil by constructed bacterial consortium comprising salt-tolerant petroleum degraders and biosurfactant producers[J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2020, 154: 105047.

[27] Liu Y J, Liu J, Zhang A N, et al. Treatment effects and genotoxicity relevance of the toxic organic pollutants in semi-coking wastewater by combined treatment process [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 220: 13-19.

[28] 明晓维. 在宏观经济下行影响下煤炭企业应采取财务战略的思考[J]. 中国集体经济, 2012, 000(027): 177-178.

[29] Wang J Q, Liu J, Wang S, et al. Slurrying Property and Mechanism of Coal-Coal Gasification Wastewater-Slurry[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2018.

[30] Liu J Z, Wang S N, Li N, et al. Effects of Metal Ions in Organic Wastewater on Coal Water Slurry and Dispersant Properties [J]. Energy and Fuels, 2019, 33: 7110-7117.

[31] 李果, 乔军强, 芦海云. 水煤浆分散剂研究进展[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2021, 27(05): 52-59.

[32] Xu J L, Dai Z H, Liu H F, et al. Modeling of multiphase reaction and slag flow in single-burner coal water slurry gasifier[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2017, 162: 41-52.

[33] Dan A K, Bhattacharjee D, Ghosh S , et al. Prospective Utilization of Coal Fly Ash for Making Advanced Materials[M]. Clean Coal Technol, Springer International Publishing, 2021: 511-531.

[34] Li Y, Galecki G, Akar G, et al. Application of the fractal theory for evaluating effects of coal comminution by waterjet[J]. International Journal of Coal Science &Technology, 2014, 1(4): 450-455.

[35] Das D, Panigrahi S, Misra P K, et al. Effect of organized assemblies. Part 4. Formulation of highly concentrated coal-water slurry using a natural surfactant[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2008, 22(3): 1865-1872.

[36] 巢亚军. 超大型煤气化技术示范取得突破[J]. 能源化工, 2014, 3:69-69.

[37] 王伟, 陈永献. 水煤浆气化工艺研究的新方向和新成果[J]. 全国煤气化技术通讯, 2005, (1): 28-29.

[38] Zhao X L, Zhu W, Huang J Y, et al. Emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs, PAHs and PCBs during the combustion of sludge-coal water slurry[J]. Journal of the Energy Institute, 2015, 88 (2): 105-111.

[39] Folgueras M B, Alonso M, Folgueras J R. Modification of lignite ash fusion temperatures by the addition of different types of sewage sludge[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2015, 131: 348-355.

[40] Fu B, Liu G J, Mian M M, et al. Co-combustion of industrial coal slurry and sewage sludge: Thermochemical and emission behavior of heavy metals[J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 233: 440-451.

[41] Dmitrienko M A, Strizhak P A. Coal-water slurries containing petrochemicals to solve problems of air pollution by coal thermal power stations and boiler plants: An introductory review[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 613-614: 1117-1129.

[42] Glushkov D O, Lyrshchikov S Y, Shevyrev S A, et al. Burning Properties of Slurry Based on Coal and Oil Processing Waste[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2016, 30 (4): 3441-3450.

[43] Liu J G, Jiang X M, Zhou L S, et al. Co-firing of oil sludge with coal–water slurry in an industrial internal circulating fluidized bed boiler[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 167 (1-3): 817-823.

[44] Meng Z Y, Yang Z Y, Yin Z Q, et al. Effects of coal slime on the slurry ability of a semi-coke water slurry[J]. Powder Technology, 2019, 359: 261-267.

[45] Zhang Y X, Xu Z Q, Tu Y N, et al. Study on properties of coal-sludge-slurry prepared by sludge from coal chemical industry[J]. Powder Technology, 2020, 366: 552-559.

[46] Wang R K, Liu J Z, Lv Y K, et al. Sewage sludge disruption through sonication to improve the co-preparation of coal-sludge slurry fuel: The effects of sonic frequency[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 99: 645-651.

[47] Wang R K, Zhao Z H, Yin Q Q, et al. Effects of Low-Temperature Thermal and Alkaline Methods on the Structural Strength of Sludge Flocs and the Co-Slurrying Ability of Sludge and Coal [J]. Energy and Fuels, 2016, 30 (7): 5419-5424.

[48] Wang R K, Zhao Z H, Yin Q Q, et al. Influences of different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances on the co-slurrying properties of sewage sludge with coal and petroleum coke[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 148: 668-679.

[49] Liu M, Duan Y F, Bikane K, et al. Effect of waste liquid produced from the hydrothermal treatment of both low-rank coal and sludge on the slurryability of coal sludge slurry[J]. Fuel, 2017, 203: 1-10.

[50] Wang R K, Liu J Z, Yu Y J, et al. Effects of calcium oxide on the surface properties of municipal wastewater sludge and its co-slurrying ability with coal[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2013, 456-457: 9-16.

[51] Xie L P, Li T, Gao J D, et al. Effect of moisture content in sewage sludge on air gasification[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2010, 38 (5): 615-620.

[52] Midilli A, Dogru M, Howarth C R, et al. Combustible gas production from sewage sludge with a downdraft gasifier [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2001, 42 (2): 157-172.

[53] Ferrasse J H, Seyssiecq I, Roche N. Thermal Gasification: A Feasible Solution for Sewage Sludge Valorisation? [J]. Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2003, 26 (9): 941-945.

[54] Kuramochi H, Wu W, Kawamoto K. Prediction of the behaviors of H2S and HCl during gasification of selected residual biomass fuels by equilibrium calculation[J]. Fuel, 2005, 84 (4): 377-387.

[55] Xu C B, Tsubouchi N, Hashimoto H, et al. Catalytic decomposition of ammonia gas with metal cations present naturally in low rank coals[J]. Fuel, 2005, 84 (14-15): 1957-1967.

[56] Deng W Y, Yan J H, Li X D, et al. Emission characteristics of dioxins, furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during fluidized-bed combustion of sewage sludge[J]. Journal of Environmental Ences, 2009, 21 (12): 1747-1752.

[57] Wang K S, Chiang K Y, Shao B C, et al. Melting of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge incinerator ash: Study on fluid temperature and effects of melting-aids[J]. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 2008, 61 (1-4): 69-81.

[58] 吴颜, 张强, 李伟锋, 等. 炼油厂含油污泥与高硫石油焦的共成浆性[J]. 石油学报(石油加工), 2012, 28 (01): 155-160.

[59] Folgueras M B，Diaz R M，Xiberta J, et al. Influence of sewage sludge addition on coal ash fusion temperatures [J]. Energy & Fuels, 2005, 19 (6): 2562-2570.

[60] Li W D, Ming L, Li W F, et al. Study on the ash fusion temperatures of coal and sewage sludge mixtures [J]. Fuel, 2010, 89 (7): 1566-1572.

[61] Wang R K, Liu J Z, Gao F Y, et al. The slurrying properties of slurry fuels made of petroleum coke and petrochemical sludge [J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2012, 104: 57-66.

[62] Park S J, Bae J S, Lee D W, et al. Effects of Hydrothermally Pretreated Sewage Sludge on the Stability and Dispersibilty of Slurry Fuel Using Pulverized Coal[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2011, 25 (9): 3934-3939.

[63] 姚杰. 污水污泥与高灰熔点煤制备水煤浆及气化实验研究[D]. 淮南：安徽理工大学, 2015.

[64] Song H, Yang H P, Zhao C, et al. Co-gasification of petroleum coke with coal at high temperature: Effects of blending ratio and the catalyst[J]. Fuel, 2022, 307: 121863.

[65] Zhu B Y, Li H X, Yao J, et al. Influence of Sewage Sludge on the Slurrying Properties and Co-Gasification Kinetics of Coal-Sludge Slurries [J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 634-638: 239-244.

[66] Pinto F, Lopes H, André R N, et al. Effect of Experimental Conditions on Gas Quality and Solids Produced by Sewage Sludge Cogasification. 1. Sewage Sludge Mixed with Coal [J]. Energy and Fuels, 2007, 21 (5): 2737-2745.

[67] Hu S X, Liu L M, Yang X, et al. Influence of different dispersants on rheological behaviors of coal water slurry prepared from a low quality coal[J]. RSC Advances, 2019, 9: 32911-32921.

[68] Wu D, Yang B G, Liu Y C, et al. Pressure drop in loop pipe flow of fresh cemented coal gangue-fly ash slurry: Experiment and simulation [J]. Advanced Powder Technology: The internation Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan, 2015, 26(3): 920-927.

[69] Hu S X, Jiang F H, Zhao B L, et al. The Enhancement on Rheology, Flowability, and Stability of Coal Water Slurry Prepared by Multipeak Gradation Technology [J]. Energy and Fuels, 2021, 35: 2006-2015.

[70] Sabah E, Erkan Z E. Interaction mechanism of flocculants with coal waste slurry [J]. Fuel, 2006, 85(3): 350-359.

[71] Zhang W B, Luo J, Huang Y, et al. Synthesis of a novel dispersant with topological structure by using humic acid as raw material and its application in coal water slurry preparation[J]. Fuel, 2019, 262:116576.

[72] Yang D J, Qiu X Q, Zhou M S, et al. Properties of sodium lignosulfonate as dispersant of coal water slurry[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2007, 48: 2433-2438.

[73] Gvozdyakov D, Zenkov A. Improvement of atomization characteristics of coal-water slurries[J]. Energy, 2021, 230(10): 120900.

[74] Zhang K, Ma J Z, Lyu B, et al. Influence of “tentacle structure” on the properties of jellyfish-like 3D dispersants based on tannic acid for preparing high-concentrated coal-water slurry[J]. Fuel, 2020, 274: 117860.

[75] Li D D, Liu J Z, Wang S N, et al. Study on coal water slurries prepared from coal chemical wastewater and their industrial application[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 268: 114976.

[76] Li R, Yang D J, Lou H M, et al. Influence of sulfonated acetoneformaldehyde condensation used as dispersant on low rank coal-water slurry[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2012, 64: 139-144.

[77] Hu S X, Chen Y M, Wu C N, et al. The performance and dispersing mechanism of anionic dispersants in slurries prepared by upgraded coal [J]. Colloids and Surfaces A, 2020, 606: 125450.

[78] Boylu F, Dincer H, Atesok G. Effect of coal particle size distribution, volume fraction and rank on the rheology of coal–water slurries [J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2004, 85(4): 241-250.

[79] 胡亚轩, 刘建忠, 高夫燕, 等. 基于冰冻切片法的固液悬浮浆体稳定性分析 [J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2015, 35(13): 3345-3350.

[80] 赵馨. HRP引发淀粉接枝共聚物水煤浆分散剂的合成及其性能研究[D]. 陕西科技大学, 2017.

[81] Wang R K, Ma Q Q, Zhao Z, et al. Adsorption of Surfactants on Coal Surfaces in the Coking Wastewater Environment: Kinetics and Effects on the Slurrying Properties of Coking Wastewater-Coal Slurry [J]. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 2019, 58(28): 12825-12834.

[82] Tu Y N, Feng P, Ren Y G, et al. Adsorption of ammonia nitrogen on lignite and its influence on coal water slurry preparation[J]. Fuel, 2019, 238: 34-43.

[83] Liu P F, Zhu M M, Zhang Z Z, et al. Rheological behaviour and stability characteristics of biochar-water slurry fuels: Effect of biochar particle size and size distribution[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2017, 156: 27-32.

[84] Xu E L, Chen S X, Dong Y P, et al. The effect of isoamyl alcohol and sec-octyl alcohol on the viscosity of coal water slurry [J]. Fuel, 2021, 292: 120394.

[85] Boylu F, Dincer H, Atesok G. Effect of coal particle size distribution, volume fraction and rank on the rheology of coal-water slurries[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2004, 85(4): 241-250.

[86] Atesok G, Boylu F, Sirkeci A A, et al. The effect of coal properties on the viscosity of coal-water slurries [J]. Fuel, 2002, 81: 1855-1858.

[87] Chu R Z, Li Y L, Meng X L, et al. Research on the slurrying performance of coal and alkali-modified sludge[J]. Fuel, 2021, 294: 120548.

[88] Kuznetsov G V, Romanov D S, Vershinina K Y, et al. Rheological characteristics and stability of fuel slurries based on coal processing waste, biomass and used oil[J]. Fuel, 2021, 302: 121203.

[89] Zheng T L, Zhang K, Chen X Y, et al. Effects of low- and high-temperature thermal-alkaline pretreatments on anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2021, 337: 125400.

[90] Liu B, Jin R, Liu G, et al. Effect on sludge disintegration by EDTA-enhanced thermal-alkaline treatment [J]. Water Environmental Research, 2020, 92 (1): 42-50

[91] Kor-Bicakci G, Eskicioglu C. Recent developments on thermal municipal sludge pretreatment technologies for enhanced anaerobic digestion [J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019, 110: 423-443.

[92] Gokce K B, Emine U C, Cigdem E. Effect of dewatered sludge microwave pretreatment temperature and duration on net energy generation and biosolids quality from anaerobic digestion [J]. Energy, 2018, 168: 782-795.

[93] Bozkurt Y C, Lafaille R, Lu D N, et al. Effects of carbonaceous susceptors on microwave pretreatment of waste activated sludge and subsequent anaerobic digestion [J]. Bioresource Technology Reports, 2021, 13: 100641.

[94] Markis F, Baudez J C, Parthasarathy R, et al. Rheological characterisation of primary and secondary sludge: Impact of solids concentration[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 253: 526-537.

[95] Liu J B, Yang M, Zhang J Y, et al. A comprehensive insight into the effects of microwave-H2O2 pretreatment on concentrated sewage sludge anaerobic digestion based on semi-continuous operation [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2-018, 256: 118-127.

[96] Liu J B, Yu D W, Zhang J, et al. Rheological properties of sewage sludge during enhanced anaerobic digestion with microwave-H2O2 pretreatment[J]. Water Research, 2016, 98: 98-108.

[97] Zhang J Y, Liu J B, Wang Y W, et al. Profiles and drivers of antibiotic resistance genes distribution in one-stage and two-stage sludge anaerobic digestion based on microwave-H2O2 pretreatment[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 241: 573-581.

[98] Eskicioglu C, Prorot A, Marin J, et al. Synergetic pretreatment of sewage sludge by microwave irradiation in presence of H2O2 for enhanced anaerobic digestion[J]. Water Research, 2008, 42(18): 4674-4682

[99] Ambrose H W, Chin C T, Hong E, et al. Effect of hybrid (microwave-H2O2) feed sludge pretreatment on single and two-stage anaerobic digestion efficiency of real mixed sewage sludge[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2020, 136:194-202.

[100] Li C X, Pei J J, Ye X M, et al. Spreading of droplet with insoluble surfactant on corrugated topography [J]. Journal of Technology and Science, 2014, 26: 092103.

[101] Gao J L, Wang Y, Yan Y X, et al. Ultrasonic-alkali method for synergistic breakdown of excess sludge for protein extraction[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 295: 126288.

[102] Xu X Z, Cao D, Wang Z H, et al. Study on ultrasonic treatment for municipal sludge[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2019, 57: 29-37.

[103] Liu H B, Wang X K, Qin S, et al. Comprehensive role of thermal combined ultrasonic pre-treatment in sewage sludge disposal [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 789: 147862.

[104] Li W, Yu N J W, Fang A R, et al. Co-treatment of potassium ferrate and ultrasonication enhances degradability and dewaterability of waste activated sludge[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 361: 148-155.

[105] Packyam G S, Kavitha S, Kumar S A, et al. Effect of sonically induced deflocculation on the efficiency of ozone mediated partial sludge disintegration for improved production of biogas[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2015, 26:241-248.

[106] Zhou Z W, Yang Y L, Li X. Effects of ultrasound pretreatment on the characteristic evolutions of drinking water treatment sludge and its impact on coagulation property of sludge recycling process[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2015, 27: 62-71.

[107] Gayathri T, Kavitha S, Kumar S A, et al. Effect of citric acid induced deflocculation on the ultrasonic pretreatment efficiency of dairy waste activated sludge[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2015, 22: 333-340.

[108] Langmuir I. The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids part I solids [J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1916, 38: 2221-2295.

[109] Feng L, Tang H Y, Liu J T, et al. Adsorption thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanism of calcium(ii) ions onto kaolinite clay in coal slime water[J]. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 25: 3927-3930.

[110] Lagergren S. Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption geloster stoffe [J]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens. Handlingar, 1898, 24:1-39.

[111] Ho Y S, Mckay G, et al. Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes [J]. Process Biochemistry, 1999, 34(5): 451-65.

[112] Xia W, Yang J, Liang C, et al. Investigation of changes in surface properties of bituminous coal during natural weathering processes by XPS and SEM [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2014, 293(28): 293-298.

[113] Wang S N, Liu J Z, Pisupati S V, et al. Dispersion mechanism of coal water slurry prepared by mixing various high-concentration organic waste liquids[J]. Fuel, 2020, 287: 119340.

[114] Li Y J, Xia W C, Wen B F, et al. Filtration and dewatering of the mixture of quartz and kaolinite in different proportions[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2019, 555: 731-739.

[115] Xu Z H, Yoon R H. The role of hydrophobia interactions in coagulation [J]. Journal of Colloid & Interface Science, 1989, 132(2): 532-541.

[116] Faghihnejad A, Zeng H B. Hydrophobic interactions between polymer surfaces: using polystyrene as a model system [J]. Soft Matter, 2012, 8(9): 2746-2759.

[117] Wang S W, Liu K F, Ma X C, et al. Comparison of flotation performances of low-rank coal with lower ash content using air and oily bubbles[J]. Powder Technology, 2020, 374: 443-448.

[118] Hu S X, Chen Y M, Wu C N, et al. The performance and dispersing mechanism of anionic dispersants in slurries prepared by upgraded coal [J]. Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2020, 606:125450.

[119] Hu P F, Liang L. The role of hydrophobic interaction in the heterocoagulation between coal and quartz particles [J]. Minerals Engineering, 2020, 154(1): 106421.

[120] Oats W J, Ozdemir O, Nguyen A V. Effect of mechanical and chemical clay removals by hydrocyclone and dispersants on coal flotation [J]. Minerals Engineering, 2010, 23(5): 413-419.

[121] Song H P, Cao Z Y, Xie W S, et al. Improvement of dispersion stability of filler based on fly ash by adding sodium hexametaphosphate in gas-sealing coating[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 23520): 259-271.

[122] Zheng X H, Yoon R H. The role of hydrophobia interactions in coagulation [J]. Journal of Colloid & Interface Science, 1989, 132(2):532-541.

[123] Yoon R H, Lai M Q. Application of Extended DLVO Theory, IV: Derivation of Flotation Rate Equation from First Principles [J]. Journal of Colloid & Interface Science, 1996, 181(2): 613-626.

[124] Pineres J, Barraza J. Energy barrier of aggregates coal particle-bubble through the extended DLVO theory [J]. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 2011, 100: 14-20.

[125] Pazhianur R, Yoon R H. Model for the origin of hydrophobic force [J]. Mining Metallurgy & Exploration, 2003, 20: 178-184.

[126] Soni G. Development and validation of a simulator based on a first-principle flotation model [D]. Virginia: College of Mining Energy, 2013, 10-34.

[127] 邱学青, 周明松, 王卫星. 改性木质素磺酸盐水煤浆添加剂的性能研究[J].煤炭科学技术, 2004, 32(11): 44-46.

[128] Zhu J F, Wang P, Zhang W B, et al. Polycarboxylate adsorption on coal surfaces and its effect on viscosity of coal-water slurries[J]. Powder Technology, 2017, 315: 98-105.

[129] Zhang G H, Zhu N, Li Y B, et al. Influence of side-chain structure of polycarboxylate dispersant on the performance of coal water slurry [J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2017, 161: 1-7.

[130] Chai W C, Wang W J, Huang Y F, et al. Further exploring on aqueous chemistry of micron-sized lignite particles in lignite-water slurry: effects of humics adsorption [J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2018, 176: 190-196.

[131] Zhu J F, Wang P, Zhang W B, et al. Polycarboxylate adsorption on coal surfaces and its effect on viscosity of coal-water slurries [J]. Powder Technology, 2017, 315: 98-105.

[132] Wang J C, Wei L G, Wu P, et al. Preparation of semicokes by medium-low temperature pyrolysis of long flame coal and their adsorption performance on sodium lignin sulfonate dispersant for high concentration coal water slurry[J]. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020, 42(11): 1610-1622.

[133] 林娇艳, 刘建忠, 朱洁丰, 等. 分散剂对煤表面特性及成浆性作用机理研究[J]. 热力发电, 2016, 45(04): 7-12.

[134] Bujdák J. Adsorption kinetics models in clay systems. The critical analysis of pseudo-second order mechanism [J]. Applied Clay Science, 2020, 191: 105630.

[135] Zhang K, Zhang X H, Jin L E, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel dispersant with jellyfish-like 3D structure for preparing coal-water slury[J]. Fuel, 2017, 200: 458-66.

[136] Hu S X, Li J G, Yang Xin, et al. Improvement on slurry ability and combustion dynamics of low quality coals with ultra-high ash content[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2020, 156: 391-401.

[137] Jiang X F, Chen S X, Cui L F, et al. Eco-friendly utilization of microplastics for preparing coal water slurry: rheological behavior and dispersion mechanism[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 330:129881.

[138] Carstens J F, Bachmann J, Neuweiler I. A new approach to determine the relative importance of DLVO and non-DLVO colloid retention mechanisms in porous media [J], Colloids and Surfaces A, 2019, 560: 330-335.

[139] Vivekananda B. Coagulation behavior of spherical particles embedded in laminar shear flow in presence of DLVO-and non-DLVO forces [J], Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2020, 564: 170-181.

[140] Chen J, Min F F, Liu L Y, et al. Hydrophobic aggregation of fine particles in high muddied coal slurry water [J]. Water Science & Technology, 2016, 73(3): 501-510.

[141] Hu S X, Jiang F H, Li J G, et al. Understanding the adsorption behaviors of naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde in coal water slurry[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A, 2021, 628: 127245.

[142] Li L, Zhao L Y, Wang Y X, et al. Novel Dispersant with a Three-Dimensional Reticulated Structure for a Coal-Water Slurry [J]. Energy Fuels, 2018, 32(8): 8310-8317.

[143] Liu M, Duan Y F, Li H F. Effect of modified sludge on the rheological properties and co-slurry mechanism of petroleum coke-Sludge slurry [J]. Powder Technology, 2013, 243: 18-26.

[144] Park J H, Lee Y J, Jin M H, et al. Enhancement of slurryability and heating value of coal water slurry (CWS) by torrefaction treatment of low rank coal (LRC) [J]. Fuel, 2017, 203: 607-17.

[145] Shariati S, Bonakdarpour B, Zare N, et al. The effect of hydraulic retention time on the performance and fouling characteristics of membrane sequencing batch reactors used for the treatment of synthetic petroleum refinery wastewater [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102(17): 7692-7699.

[146] Shen L, Min F F, Liu Y, et al. Improving Coal Flotation by Gaseous Collector Pretreatment Method and its Potential Application in Preparing Coal Water Slurry [J]. Processes, 2019, 7(8): 500.

[147] Magdziarz A, Werle S. Analysis of the combustion and pyrolysis of dried sewage sludge by TGA and MS [J]. Waste Management. 2014, 34: 174-179.

[148] Kijo-Kleczkowska A, Srodab K, et al. Mechanisms and kinetics of granulated sewage sludge combustion[J].Waste Management, 2015, 46: 459-471.

[149] Lin Y S, Ma X Q, Ning X X, et al. TGA-FTIR analysis of co-combustion characteristics of paper sludge and oil-palm solid wastes[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 89: 727-734.

[150] Zhang Q, Liu H, Zhang X J, et al. Novel utilization of conditioner CaO for gas pollutants control during co-combustion of sludge and coal[J]. Fuel, 2017, 206: 541-545.

[151] Nilsson S, Gómez-Barea A, Cano D F. Gasification reactivity of char from dried sewage sludge in a fluidized bed [J]. Fuel, 2012, 92(1):346-353.

[152] Wei J T, Gong Y, Guo Q H, et al. Physicochemical evolution during rice straw and coal co-pyrolysis and its effect on co-gasification reactivity[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 227: 345-352.

[153] Puig-Gamero M, Lora-Diaz J, Valverde J L, et al. Synergestic effect in the steam co-gasification of olive pomace, coal and petcoke: Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric analysis[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 159: 140-150.

[154] Kim Y T, Seo D K, Hwang J. Study of the effect of coal type andparticle size on char-CO2 gasification via gas analysis[J]. Energy Fuel, 2011, 25: 5044-5054.

[155] Idris S S, Rahman N, Ismail K. Combustion characteristics of Malaysian oil palm biomass, sub-bituminous coal and their respective blends via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 123(4): 581-591.

[156] Wang Z Q, Hong C, Xing Y, et al. Combustion behaviors and kinetics of sewage sludge blended with pulverized coal: With and without catalysts [J]. Waste Management, 2018, 74: 288-296.

[157] Xia W C, Yang J G, Liang C. Investigation of changes in surface properties of bituminous coal during natural weathering processes by XPS and SEM[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2014, 293: 293-298.

[158] Åmand L E, Leckner B. Metal emissions from co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal/wood in fluidized bed[J]. Fuel, 2004, 83: 1803-1821.

[159] Velden M, Dewil R, Baeyens J, et al. The distribution of heavy metals during fluidized bed combustion of sludge (FBSC) [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 151(1): 96-102.

[160] Yang Z Z, Zhang Y Y, Liu L L, et al. Environmental investigation on co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal gangue: SO2, NOx and trace elements emissions [J]. Waste Management, 2016, 50: 213-221.

[161] Zhang Q G, Hu J J, Lee D J, et al. Sludge treatment: Current research trends [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 243: 1159-1172.

[162] Chanaka Udayanga W D, Veksha A, Giannis A, et al. Fate and distribution of heavy metals during thermal processing of sewage sludge[J]. Fuel, 2018, 226: 721-744.

[163] Zhang G, Hai J, Ren M, Zhang, et al. Emission, Mass Balance, and Distribution Characteristics of PCDD/Fs and Heavy Metals during Cocombustion of Sewage Sludge and Coal in Power Plants[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2013, 47: 2123-2130.

[164] Fu B, Hower J C, Dai S, et al. Determination of Chemical Speciation of Arsenic and Selenium in High-As Coal Combustion Ash by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Examples from a Kentucky Stoker Ash [J]. ACS Omega, 2018, 3(12): 17637-17645.

[165] Goodarzi F, Huggins F E. Speciation of Arsenic in Feed Coals and Their Ash Byproducts from Canadian Power Plants Burning Sub-bituminous and Bituminous Coals [J]. Energy and Fuels, 2005, 19(3): 905-915.

[166] Zhang Y, Wang C B, Li W H, et al. Removal of Gas-Phase As2O3 by Metal Oxide Adsorbents: Effects of Experimental Conditions and Evaluation of Adsorption Mechanism [J]. Energy and Fuels, 2015, 29: 6578-6585.

[167] Hu H Y, Liu H, Chen J, et al. Speciation transformation of arsenic during municipal solid waste incineration[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2015, 35: 2883-2890.

[168] Huang Y D, Yang Y H, Hu H Y, et al. A deep insight into arsenic adsorption over γ-Al2O3 in the presence of SO2/NO [J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2019, 37: 2951-2957.

[169] Zhou C C, Liu G J, Xu Z Y, et al. Retention mechanisms of ash compositions on toxic elements (Sb, Se and Pb) during fluidized bed combustion[J]. Fuel, 2018, 213: 98-105.

[170] Ding L, Dai Z H, Wei J T, et al. Catalytic effects of alkali carbonates on coal char gasification[J]. Journal of the Energy Institute, 2017, 90(4): 588-601.

[171] Wang G W, Ren S, Zhang J J, et al. Influence mechanism of alkali metals on CO2 gasification properties of metallurgical coke[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 387: 124093.

[172] Huang Y Q, Yin X L, Wu C Z, et al. Effects of metal catalysts on CO2 gasification reactivity of biomass char [J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2009, 27(5): 568-572.

[173] Wang J B, Chen J, Liu J Z, et al. Synergistic effects of mixing waste activated carbon and coal in co-slurrying and CO2 co-gasification[J]. Powder Technology, 2022, 395: 883-892.

[174] Folgueras M B, Díaz R M, Xiberta J. Pyrolysis of blends of different types of sewage sludge with one bituminous coal [J]. Energy, 2005, 30: 1079-1091.

[175] Fullana A, Conesa J A, Llavador F. Analysis of the pyrolysis and combustion of different sewage sludges by TG [J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2001, 58(2): 927-941.

[176] Yang H P, Yan R, CHEN H P, et al. Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis [J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(12): 1781-1788.

[177] 李玉忠, 马晓茜, 谢泽琼, 等. 造纸污泥与稻草混烧动力学的热重分析法研究[J]. 华南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 41(12): 12-17.

[178] Fu B, Liu G J, Sun M, et al. A comparative study on the mineralogy, chemical speciation, and combustion behavior of toxic elements of coal beneficiation products [J]. Fuel, 2018, 228: 297-308.

[179] Xiang Y, Wang R K, Liu J A, et al. Gasification property of coal–oilfield wastewater–slurry and microscopic mechanism analysis[J]. Petroleum Science and Technology, 2016, 34(11-12): 1068-1074

[180] Lin Y, Liao Y F, Yu Z S, et al. The investigation of co-combustion of sewage sludge and oil shale using thermogravimetric analysis [J]. Thermochimica Acta, 2017, 653: 71-78.

[181] Chen J W, Wang Q T, Xu Z Y, et al. Process in supercritical water gasification of coal: A review of fundamentals, mechanisms, catalysts and element transformation[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 237: 114122.

[182] Gil M V, Casal D, Pevida C, et al. Thermal behaviour and kinetics of coal/biomass blends during co-combustion[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(14): 5601-5608.

[183] Galwey A K. Solid state reaction kinetics, mechanisms and catalysis: a retrospective rational review [J]. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 2015, 114: 1-29.

[184] Edreis E, Xian L , Luo G, et al. Kinetic analyses and synergistic effects of CO co-gasification of low sulphur petroleum coke and biomass wastes[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 267: 54-62.

[185] Zhang N, Ning X, Wang G, et al. Co-gasification of hydrochar and petroleum coke blended with different ratios[J]. Journal of Energy Resources Technology-Transactions of the Aame, 2020, 142: 0524035.

[186] Gajera Z R, Verma K, Tekade S P, et al. Kinetics of co-gasification of rice husk biomass and high sulphur petroleum coke with oxygen as gasifying medium via TGA[J]. Bioresource Technology Reports, 2020, 11: 100479.

[187] Edreis E, Li X, Atya A, et al. Kinetics, thermodynamics and synergistic effects analyses of petroleu coke and biomass wastes during H2O co-gasification[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(46): 24502-24517.

[188] Chen Y C, Gui H R, Xia Z W, et al. Thermochemical and Toxic Element Behavior during Co-Combustion of Coal and Municipal Sludge [J]. Molecules, 2021, 26(14): 4170-4170.