坡沟系统是黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀产沙的主要源地，沟蚀是坡沟系统土壤侵蚀的主要形式。已有坡沟系统侵蚀研究多基于室内模拟试验，难以反映野外真实沟蚀规律，尤其对坡沟系统侵蚀形态与产沙过程的交互作用及其机理认识不足。三维激光扫描技术（Terrestrial laser scanning，TLS）可以迅速、准确地构建出三维地形，为土壤侵蚀过程的精细化研究提供了有力的支持。本文针对黄土丘陵沟壑区自然坡沟系统的土壤侵蚀形态特征变化问题，采用室外模拟试验方法，建立5个相同条件下的径流小区，结合放水冲刷试验（流量为25、40、55、70、85 L/min）与TLS技术，获取高精度地形信息，基于点云数据计算梁峁坡细沟几何形态、衍生特征、地形形态特征和分形维数、地貌信息熵、分叉比等量化指标，以及沟谷坡沟头形态特征、地形形态特征、侵蚀特征和地貌信息熵等量化指标。探明坡沟系统侵蚀形态特征演变规律、侵蚀-沉积-产沙时空分布特征规律，分析坡沟系统侵蚀形态特征及其与累计侵蚀量、沉积量和产沙量的关系，并构建坡沟系统侵蚀产沙过程的形态指标体系，为坡沟系统侵蚀产沙机制研究提供参考。主要研究结论如下：

    （1）形态参数方面。随着冲刷次数增加，各流量梯度梁峁坡细沟断面宽度、断面深度、细沟平均深度、细沟割裂度和粗糙度以及沟谷坡横剖面面积、粗糙度大多呈递增趋势。而细沟宽深比与流量大小相关，低流量（25 L/min）下细沟发育以横向拓宽为主，呈“宽浅式”；较低流量（40 L/min）和高流量（85 L/min）下细沟发育以纵向下切为主，呈“窄深式”；中流量（55 L/min）和较高流量（70 L/min）纵向下切和横向拓宽交替发生在细沟侵蚀过程中，细沟形态在“宽浅式”与“窄深式”间交替变化。剖面凹度指数与沟谷形态有较大关系，沟头不断发生回退，沟谷横剖面在放水流量较小时，总体上为凸形；当放水流量较大时，由凸形转变为凹形。沟谷不断发生内凹，沟谷纵剖面均从近直线形转变为凹形。低流量下梁峁坡分形维数整体趋于平稳，其余流量波动较大。中流量下分叉比呈上升趋势，其余流量下均呈下降趋势。地貌信息熵在不同地貌单元的演变规律不同，在各流量梯度下呈波动变化。

    （2）侵蚀-沉积-产沙时空过程变化方面。坡沟系统累计侵蚀量和沟谷坡产沙量随着冲刷次数的变化基本呈递增趋势。沟谷坡在试验结束后累计侵蚀量、产沙量与放水流量大小呈正相关，累计沉积量在试验前期变化迅速，后期变化较平稳。在不同放水流量下，梁峁坡侵蚀区域主要集中于中上部，整个坡沟系统沉积区域主要集中于下部。随冲刷试验进行，梁峁坡侵蚀沉积逐渐达到稳定，沟缘线和沟谷坡的侵蚀则不断加强，但不同流量下的空间分布存在差异。

    （3）形态参数与累计侵蚀量、沉积量、产沙量关系方面。细沟平均长度、平均断面深度和细沟平均深度可分别用于评估较低流量下梁峁坡面累计沉积量、侵蚀量和产沙量；平均断面宽度、平均断面深度及细沟平均深度可用于评估较高流量下梁峁坡累计侵蚀量。同时可用梁峁坡细沟平均深度、沟谷坡粗糙度和横剖面面积评估低流量下累计侵蚀量和产沙量；沟头长度分形维数可评估低流量沟谷坡面累计侵蚀量、沉积量和产沙量；横剖面凹度指数可较精准的评估低流量和高流量沟谷坡面累计侵蚀量和产沙量。此外，随着流量的增大，梁峁坡各形态指标与累计侵蚀量、沉积量和产沙量关系的显著性减弱。在整个坡沟系统（不同地貌单元）地貌信息熵与产沙量的变化趋势基本一致，能够较好反映土壤侵蚀的动态变化，是评价坡沟系统形态的最佳形态指标。

The slope-gully system is the main source of catchment sediment yield. Gully erosion is the main way in which soil erosion occurs in the slope-gully system. Previous studies on slope-gully system erosion have mostly been based on indoor simulation experiments, which cannot reproduce the real field erosion processes, especially the insufficient understanding of the interaction between slope-gully system erosion morphology and erosion-deposition process and its mechanisms. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is able to quickly and accurately construct three-dimensional topography, thus providing a powerful support for the detailed study of soil erosion processes. In this study, field runoff scouring experiments were conducted to investigate the morphological characteristics and changes in soil erosion of the natural slope-gully system in the hilly and gully Loess Plateau. Five runoff plots were established under the same conditions, and the high-precision topographic information was obtained by combining the water erosion test (flow rates of 25, 40, 55, 70, 85 L/min) with TLS technology. Based on point cloud data, quantitative indicators including the geometric morphology, derived features, topographical morphology characteristics, fractal dimension, landscape information entropy. Quantitative indicators such as gully head morphology characteristics, topographical morphology characteristics, erosion characteristics. The study aims to explore the evolution of the morphological characteristics of slope-gully system erosion and the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of erosion-deposition-sediment yield production in slope-gully systems. The study also examined the relationship between the morphological characteristics of slope-gully system erosion and the cumulative erosion amount, deposition amount, and sediment yield, and constructed a morphological index system for the erosion and sedimentation processes of the slope-gully system. The study provided a useful reference for revealing the mechanism of slope-gully system erosion. Main findings are as follows:

(1) As the number of scouring increased, the width, depth, average depth, incision ratio, and roughness of rill cross-sections, as well as the cross-sectional area and roughness of the valley transverse profile, mostly showed an increasing trend. The width-depth ratio of the rills was related to the flow rate, and under low inpout flow rates (25 L/min), the development of rills was mainly characterized by transverse widening, presenting a "wide and shallow" form; under relatively low (40 L/min) and high input flow rates (85 L/min), the development of rills was mainly characterized by longitudinal downcutting, presenting a "narrow and deep" form; while at medium (55 L/min) and relatively high input flow rates (70 L/min), the longitudinal downcutting and transverse widening alternately occured during the erosion process, and the rill morphology changes alternately between "wide and shallow" and "narrow and deep". The profile concavity index was closely related to the morphology of the channel, as the channel head constantly experienced backcutting, resulting in a generally convex cross-sectional profile at low discharge and a transition to concave at high discharge. Additionally, the channel underwent continuous entrenchment, with the longitudinal profile transitioning from near-linear to concave. The overall fractal dimension of the slope decreased with increasing discharge, except for at low input flow rates where it remained relatively stable. The bifurcation ratio increased at intermediate input flow rates, but decreased at other input flow rates. The evolution of the geomorphic entropy varied among different geomorphic units and exhibited fluctuating changes at different flow gradients.

(2) The cumulative erosion and sediment yield of the slope-gully system generally exhibited an increasing trend with the number of scouring events. The cumulative erosion and sediment yield of the gully slope were positively correlated with the water discharge at the end of the experiment. The cumulative sedimentation varied considerably at the early stages of the experiments and then stabilized during the later stages. Under different flow conditions, the erosion of the hillslope was mainly concentrated in the upper-middle part, while the deposition of the entire slope-gully system was mainly concentrated in the lower part. With the progress of the scouring experiments, the erosion and deposition of the hillslope gradually reached a steady state, while the erosion of the gully shoulder line and gully slope continuously increased, but there were differences in their spatial distribution under different flow conditions.

(3) The average length, average cross-sectional depth, and average channel depth of rills can be used to evaluate the cumulative sedimentation, erosion, and sediment yield of hillslope under low flow conditions, whereas the average cross-sectional width, average cross-sectional depth, and average channel depth of rills can be used to evaluate the cumulative erosion of hillslope under high flow conditions. In addition, the average channel depth, valley gully slope roughness, and transverse profile area of the hillslope rills can be used to evaluate the cumulative erosion and sediment yield under low flow conditions. The fractal dimension of channel head length can be used to evaluate the cumulative erosion, sedimentation, and sediment yield of the gully slope valley under low flow conditions, while the concavity index of transverse profile can accurately evaluate the cumulative erosion and sediment yield of gully slope under both low and high flow conditions. Moreover, as the input flow rate increased, the significance of the relationships between the various geomorphic indices of the hillslope and the cumulative erosion, deposition, and sediment yield decreased. The variation trend of the geomorphic entropy of the entire slope-gully system (different geomorphic units) was consistent with that of the sediment yield and can better reflect the dynamic changes of soil erosion, making it the best indicator for evaluating slope-gully system morphology.

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