氢能源汽车是氢能推广应用的一种主要表现形式，而安全使用是扼制其发展的一个重要因素。氢能源汽车在受限空间内发生意外泄漏后，积聚的氢气具有燃爆危险性。而立体式车库作为一种特殊结构的受限空间，在发生氢气泄漏后，车库内的布局会改变氢气的浓度分布，从而影响空间内氢气浓度的高效监测。因此，研究不同工况条件下氢气泄漏扩散及危险域蔓延特性，能够为工程实际中预防氢燃爆监测-预警-驱替手段的高效实施提供理论基础与决策依据。本文基于自主研发的缩尺寸立体式车库受限空间氢气泄漏扩散运移实验平台，开展了多因素作用下氢气泄漏射流分布特性、扩散浓度运移规律以及危险域时空分布特性等相关研究。为保证实验过程的安全性，将密度与氢气接近的氦气作为替代气体。在研究过程中取得了以下创新成果：

在立体式车库受限空间内氢气泄漏射流动力学特性研究方面，通过高速-纹影实验，研究了不同泄漏工况下的气体射流演变特性。同时，采用了Matlab计算方法，得到射流结构及其喷射特性、穿透特性、扩散夹角、扩散面积和体积的变化规律。表明射流沿轴向、径向贯穿距离、扩散面积以及体积均随着泄漏流量的增大而增大；当泄漏流量足够大时，泄漏面积对射流轴向贯穿距离、扩散夹角、扩散面积和体积的影响较小。结合相关性分析对比了各工况对射流分布特性的影响程度，表明圆形泄漏口D₄=0.8mm时，对射流的轴向、径向贯穿距离的增长程度影响最大；障碍物作用下，45°泄漏对竖直和水平方向贯穿距离的增长程度影响最大；泄漏流量对射流扩散夹角的影响程度最大；泄漏流量对扩散面积的影响程度大于泄漏口面积，并且对射流锥体体积的影响程度最高。

对于立体式车库受限空间内氢气扩散流场演变规律研究方面，利用缩尺寸立体式车库受限空间氢气泄漏扩散运移实验平台，获得氢气在受限空间内单因素及多因素作用下的扩散流场浓度分布特性。采用时间归一化的计算方式，得到泄漏流量与空间内各测点浓度值呈正相关；泄漏口面积在浓度增长阶段和衰减阶段均表现出促进作用，即泄漏口面积越大，泄漏结束后浓度衰减的程度越大，且泄漏阶段和停止泄漏阶段的浓度变化趋势呈“反V”式变化；将泄漏口形状作为唯一变量时，在泄漏阶段，裂纹形泄漏下的测点浓度值始终大于圆形。此外，结合RDR敏感度分析方法，得出对空间一、二、三层气体浓度影响程度较大的因素分别为泄漏高度、泄漏流量、泄漏角度。对停止泄漏后的浓度变化曲线相关性分析，得到各因素作用下，空间一层浓度呈幂指数型衰减；在空间二、三层呈线型衰减。

对于立体式车库受限空间内氢气扩散蔓延特性研究方面，通过增长率分析法，对氢气在立体式车库受限空间内扩散蔓延特性进行了表征。结果表明在不同泄漏流量下，距离中轴线越远的测点浓度增长率越稳定，且随时间变化呈幂指数型下降；受限空间内的支架在竖直方向上对浓度增长率起促进作用，致使气体在竖直方向上的扩散能力减弱，测点的高度越高则浓度增长率越大；泄漏角度对沿中轴线水平垂直方向测点浓度增长率影响较小，与沿竖直方向的扩散速度呈负相关；泄漏高度较高时，对空间内各测点克服浮力竖直向上的“反充填”作用性更强；利用量纲分析法，对不同泄漏流量作用下的浓度增长阶段的数学模型进行构建。结果表明在浓度增长阶段，各泄漏流量对空间内浓度分布特性均呈幂指数型增长，构建的数学模型可以用来预判不同泄漏流量下受限空间内任意测点的浓度值。停止泄漏后构建的浓度衰减模型，能够进一步判别立体式车库受限空间内的危险域的持续时间。

对于立体式车库受限空间内氢气扩散危险域时空分布特性研究方面，利用Ansys Fluent数值模拟，对真实立体式车库内氢气泄漏后危险域的形成、扩散蔓延以及分布特性进行探究。对比分析了沿泄漏口中轴线水平垂直方向、中轴线方向以及竖直方向三个维度的危险域时空分布特性。得到泄漏流量对氢气在空间内不同维度的浓度分布与扩散速度分布呈正相关；泄漏位置对空间内竖直方向危险域的变化趋势影响较小；裂纹形泄漏对空间内竖直方向危险域的形成影响较大，圆形泄漏对空间内水平方向危险域的形成影响较大；采用量纲分析法提出了一种用于判断空间某一沿线位置燃爆危险程度的计算方式，得到了针对立体式车库受限空间的传感器密集和稀疏布置方式，即对于传感器的密集布置位置始终为空间两侧支架位置的侧壁以及一层空间顶部和三层空间顶部，对于空间居中位置传感器布局可为稀疏布置。

研究结果对立体式车库受限空间危险域早期监测预警防控提供理论基础，对预防氢气燃爆灾害以及氢能安全利用标准和规范的制定等具有重要现实意义，同时对氢能源汽车的应用推广起促进作用。

Hydrogen powered vehicles are a major manifestation of the promotion and application of hydrogen energy, and safe use is an important factor that hinders their development. After an accidental leak occurs in a limited space, the accumulated hydrogen gas in a hydrogen powered vehicle poses a risk of explosion. As a limited space with a special structure, the layout of a three-dimensional garage will change the concentration distribution of hydrogen after a hydrogen leak occurs, thereby affecting the efficient monitoring of hydrogen concentration in the space. Therefore, studying the characteristics of hydrogen leakage and diffusion, as well as the spread of hazardous areas under different working conditions, can provide theoretical basis and decision-making basis for the efficient implementation of monitoring warning displacement methods for preventing hydrogen explosions in engineering practice. This article is based on a self-developed scaled three-dimensional garage limited space hydrogen leakage diffusion and transport experimental platform, and conducts research on the distribution characteristics of hydrogen leakage jets, diffusion concentration transport laws, and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of hazardous areas under multiple factors. To ensure the safety of the experimental process, helium gas with a density close to hydrogen gas is used as a substitute gas. During the research process, the following innovative achievements were made:

In the study of the dynamic characteristics of hydrogen leakage jets in a limited space of a three-dimensional garage, the evolution characteristics of gas jets under different leakage conditions were investigated through high-speed schlieren experiments. At the same time, Matlab calculation method was used to obtain the jet structure and its jet characteristics, penetration characteristics, diffusion angle, diffusion area, and volume change laws. Indicating that the diffusion distance, diffusion area, and volume of helium jet along the axial and radial directions all increase with the increase of leakage flow rate; When the leakage flow rate is large enough, the impact of the leakage area on the axial penetration length, jet angle, area, and volume of the helium jet is relatively small. By combining correlation analysis, the influence of various operating conditions on the jet distribution characteristics was compared, and it was found that the circular leakage port D₄=0.8mm had the greatest impact on the growth of the axial and radial penetration distance of the jet; Under the influence of obstacles, a 45 ° leak has the greatest impact on the increase in vertical and horizontal penetration distance; The leakage flow rate has the greatest impact on the angle change of the jet; The impact of leakage flow rate on the diffusion halo area is greater than that of the leakage port area, and the impact on the conical volume of jet halo is the highest.

In terms of studying the evolution law of hydrogen diffusion flow field in a limited space of a three-dimensional garage, a scaled three-dimensional garage limited space hydrogen leakage diffusion transport experimental platform was used to obtain the concentration distribution characteristics of hydrogen diffusion flow field under single factor and multi factor coupling effects in a limited space. Using the time normalization calculation method, it was found that the leakage flow rate is positively correlated with the concentration values of each measuring point in the space; The leakage area shows a promoting effect in both the concentration growth stage and the attenuation stage, that is, the larger the leakage area, the greater the degree of concentration attenuation after the leakage ends, and the concentration change trend in the leakage stage and the stop leakage stage shows a "reverse V" pattern; When the shape of the leakage port is used as the only variable, the concentration value of the measuring point under crack shaped leakage during the leakage stage is always greater than that of a circle. In addition, combined with the RDR sensitivity analysis method, it was found that the factors that have a greater impact on the concentration of the first, second, and third layers of space are leakage height, leakage flow rate, and leakage angle, respectively. The correlation analysis of the curve after stopping the leakage shows that under the influence of various factors, the concentration in the first layer of space decays in a power function shape; It decays linearly in the second and third layers of space.

In terms of studying the diffusion and spread characteristics of hydrogen gas in the limited space of a three-dimensional garage, the growth rate analysis method was used to characterize the diffusion and spread characteristics of hydrogen gas in the limited space of the three-dimensional garage. The results show that under different leakage flow rates, the concentration growth rate of measuring points farther away from the central axis is more stable, and it decreases exponentially with time; The bracket in a limited space promotes the concentration growth rate in the vertical direction, resulting in a weakened diffusion ability of gas in the vertical direction. The higher the height of the measuring point, the greater the concentration growth rate; The leakage angle has a relatively small impact on the concentration growth rate of measuring points along the horizontal and vertical directions of the central axis, and is negatively correlated with the diffusion velocity along the vertical direction; When the leakage height is high, the "reverse filling" effect on overcoming the vertical upward buoyancy of each measuring point in the space is stronger; Using dimensional analysis method, construct a mathematical model of concentration distribution in the spatial distribution of concentration growth stages under different leakage flow rates. The results indicate that during the concentration growth stage, each leakage flow rate has a power exponential effect on the spatial concentration distribution characteristics. The constructed mathematical model can be used to predict the concentration values of any measuring point in space under different leakage flow rates. The concentration attenuation model constructed after stopping the leakage can further distinguish the duration of the danger zone in the limited space of the three-dimensional garage.

In terms of studying the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of hydrogen diffusion danger zones in a limited space of a three-dimensional garage, Ansys Fluent numerical simulation was used to explore the formation, diffusion and spread, and distribution characteristics of danger zones after hydrogen leakage in a real three-dimensional garage. The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of danger zones along the horizontal, vertical, and vertical axes of the leakage port were compared and analyzed. The leakage flow rate is positively correlated with the concentration distribution and velocity distribution of hydrogen gas in different dimensions along the space; The leakage location has a relatively small impact on the vertical direction of the danger zone in the space; Crack shaped leakage has a significant impact on the formation of vertical danger zones in space, while circular leakage has a significant impact on the formation of horizontal danger zones in space; A calculation method for determining the degree of explosion risk along a certain line in space was proposed using dimensional analysis. The dense and sparse arrangement of sensors for the limited space of a three-dimensional garage was obtained. That is, for the dense arrangement of sensors, they are always located on the side walls of the support positions on both sides of the space, as well as on the top of the first and third floors of the space. For the central position of the space, the sensor layout can be sparse.

The research results provide a theoretical basis for early monitoring, early warning, and prevention of hazardous areas in limited spaces of three-dimensional garages, and have important practical significance for preventing hydrogen explosion disasters and formulating standards and regulations for the safe use of hydrogen energy. At the same time, they promote the application and promotion of hydrogen energy vehicles.

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