水成膜泡沫（aqueous film-forming foam，AFFF）是一类用于扑灭易燃液体火灾的泡沫灭火剂，凭借在液体燃料表面形成水膜层和泡沫层，实现高效灭火。然而，传统AFFF核心组分长链氟碳表面活性剂存在严重的环境问题，已被限制使用。开发适用于液体火灾的新一代环保型泡沫灭火剂是消防领域面临的迫切任务。本文将纳米颗粒稳泡技术引入到环保型泡沫灭火剂中，研究纳米颗粒对泡沫灭火剂稳泡性能的影响。

首先，选取亲水型SiO₂纳米颗粒与泡沫灭火剂核心组分——起泡剂和稳泡剂进行复配，制备纳米颗粒与泡沫灭火剂核心组分复配体系，系统研究了纳米颗粒对泡沫灭火剂核心组分的表面活性、粘性和电导率的影响规律。结果表明：SiO₂纳米颗粒的加入，导致起泡剂体系表面活性和粘性增加，电导率下降；而SiO₂纳米颗粒浓度的增加导致起泡剂和稳泡剂复合体系的表面活性、粘性、电导率均增加。

其次，研究了SiO₂纳米颗粒对泡沫灭火剂核心组分泡沫稳定性的影响。结果表明：SiO₂纳米颗粒能够提高起泡剂体系的发泡能力，同时显著增强泡沫稳定性。SiO₂纳米颗粒与黄原胶或羧甲基纤维素共同存在时，起泡剂体系起泡性降低，泡沫稳定性显著提高。而聚丙烯酰胺和SiO₂纳米颗粒共同存在泡沫稳定性和起泡性均降低。

最后，选择氟碳表面活性剂、碳氢表面活性剂和黄原胶作为核心组分，添加抗冻剂、助溶剂等组份，复合制备AFFF，研究SiO₂纳米颗粒对AFFF泡沫稳定性的影响。结果表明：SiO₂纳米颗粒可以有效延缓AFFF泡沫析液和粗化，显著的提高AFFF泡沫稳定性。SiO₂纳米颗粒稳定泡沫灭火剂的原理主要是其能够在液膜和Plateau边界聚集，形成稳定的网络结构，有效地延缓泡沫析液和粗化，增强泡沫的稳定性。本研究结果能够为SiO₂纳米颗粒在环保型泡沫灭火剂中的应用提供理论参考。

Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) is a type of firefighting foams used to extinguish flammable liquid fires. Its high efficiency in fire extinguishment is achieved by a water film layer and a foam layer formed on the surface of liquid fuel upon AFFF application. However, the core component of AFFF, the long-chain fluorocarbon surfactants, have proved to have serious environmental problems and its application has been restricted severely. It is an urgent task to developing a new generation of environmentally friendly firefighting foams suitable for flammable liquid fires. In the present study, nanoparticle-stabilized foams are focused in order to develop the environmentally friendly firefighting foams. The effect of nanoparticles on the foam stability of the firefighting foams are studied systematically.

First, the hydrophilic silica nanoparticles and the core components of firefighting foams, foaming agent and foam stabilizer, are chosen for preparing the mixed dispersions of nanoparticles and the core components. Influence of nanoparticles on surface activity, viscosity and electrical conductivity of the mixed dispersions was studied deeply. The results show that the addition of silica nanoparticles leads to the increase in surface activity and viscosity of the foaming agent system, and the decrease in the conductivity, while the increase of the concentration of silica nanoparticles leads to the increase in the surface activity, viscosity and conductivity of the mixed dispersions of foaming agent and foam stabilizer

Secondly, the effect of silica nanoparticles on the foam properties of the core component of firefighting foams was studied. The results show that silica nanoparticles can improve the foaming ability and the foam stability of the foaming agent. When silica nanoparticles coexist with xanthan gum or carboxymethyl cellulose, the foaming ability of the foaming agent is reduced, and the foam stability is significantly improved. However, the mixture of polyacrylamide and silica nanoparticles resulted in decease in the foaming ability and foam stability.

Finally, fluorocarbon surfactant, hydrocarbon surfactant, xanthan gum, antifreeze, cosolvent, and other components were selected for preparing AFFF concentrates. The effect of silica nanoparticles on the stability of the prepared AFFF was studied. The results show that silica nanoparticles can effectively delay the drainage and coarsening of AFFF, significantly improving the foam stability. The silica nanoparticles aggregated and formed a stable network structure at foam bubble films and Plateau borders, effectively delaying foam drainage and coarsening, and hence enhance foam stability. The results obtained from this study can provide theoretical support for the application of silica nanoparticles in environmentally friendly firefighting foams.

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