甲烷爆炸事故严重威胁着工业安全，阻碍工业发展。有效防治甲烷爆炸是目前工业安全发展的重要课题之一。粉体抑爆剂作为甲烷爆炸防控的重要材料，倍受关注。本文选取低温下容易发生热分解的粉体抑爆剂，通过多元复配的方式得到了一种具有更好抑爆效果的含磷多组分粉体抑爆剂。同时，采用实验与理论分析相结合的方法，从甲烷抑爆实验-火焰抑制实验-物性分析对比三个方面研究了含磷多组分粉体对甲烷爆炸的抑制作用，揭示了含磷多组分粉体的抑爆机理。相关研究成果为新型粉体抑爆剂的研发提供了基础数据参考，对可燃气体爆炸防控具有重要的理论与现实意义。

利用可视化20 L球形爆炸测试容器，研究了不同配比、含磷组分以及添加浓度下含磷多组分粉体对甲烷爆炸压力、压升速率、特征时间、火焰发展以及自由基产生数量的影响，明确了含磷多组分粉体对甲烷爆炸的抑制作用。结果表明，当碳酸氢钠（NaHCO₃）、氢氧化铝（Al(OH)₃）、碳酸钾（K₂CO₃）与磷酸二氢铵（NH₄H₂PO₄）四种粉体的质量配比为1:1:2:1时，含磷多组分粉体对甲烷爆炸的抑爆效果达到最佳。空气氛围中，在该最佳配比下，当含磷多组分粉体添加浓度由0 g/m³提升至375 g/m³时，9.5%浓度甲烷的最大爆炸压力由0.666 MPa降低至0.326 MPa，明显低于对应单元粉体抑制下的最大爆炸压力。含磷多组分粉体对甲烷爆炸的抑爆效果明显优于与其对应的单元粉体，表明含磷多组分粉体存在抑爆协同增效。同时，最佳配比下，当含磷组分分别为聚磷酸铵（APP）、改性壳聚糖（PACS）及磷酸二氢铵（MAP）时，含磷多组分粉体完全抑制9.5%浓度甲烷爆炸的添加浓度分别为660 g/m³、625 g/m³和600 g/m³。其中，添加了MAP的含磷多组分粉体的抑爆效果优于其他两种含磷多组分粉体。

通过火焰演化过程分析，明确了含磷多组分粉体对甲烷爆炸过程火焰发展的影响。当含磷组分为NH₄H₂PO₄时，最佳配比下随着含磷多组分粉体添加浓度由0 g/m³提升至375 g/m³，9.5%浓度甲烷的平均火焰传播速度由1.19 m/s降低至0.23 m/s，明显低于对应单元粉体抑制下的平均火焰传播速度。与对应单元粉体相比，含磷多组分粉体对甲烷燃烧反应具有更好的抑制作用，使甲烷爆炸由球形火焰演化为脱离点火电极的“蘑菇形”火焰。受粉体团聚作用与浮力效应的影响，当含磷多组分粉体添加浓度为250~525 g/m³时，空气中实际的粉体浓度低于添加浓度。此时，向上移动的火焰核心导致甲烷爆炸，含磷多组分粉体的抑爆效果提升不明显。同时，通过对自由基发射光谱的分析，明确了含磷多组分粉体对甲烷燃烧反应中关键自由基产生数量的影响。含磷多组分粉体有效抑制了甲烷爆炸过程中关键自由基的产生，火焰发展变慢，甲烷燃烧反应速率降低。与单元粉体相比，在相同的·H与·CH₂O自由基产生数量下，含磷多组分粉体抑制下甲烷爆炸产生的能量更低。在相同的爆炸能量下，含磷多组分粉体抑制下·OH自由基的产生数量更少。最佳配比下，添加了MAP的含磷多组分粉体对火焰发展的抑制作用优于添加了APP或PACS的含磷多组分粉体，甲烷燃烧产生的自由基数量更大程度减少。

基于可燃物强迫点火模型，建立了含磷多组分粉体抑制下的火焰发展模型。结合含磷多组分粉体的热分解特性、吸热特性以及参与抑爆前后粉体微观结构特征，揭示了含磷多组分粉体对甲烷爆炸的抑爆机理。NaHCO₃、Al(OH)₃和K₂CO₃能够与含磷酸根的铵盐在甲烷爆炸升温初期发生化学作用并快速分解。最佳配比下，对于添加了MAP的含磷多组分粉体，该快速分解主要发生在400 ℃之前，吸热焓为474.9 J/g，明显低于对应单元组分的吸热焓；分解过程中释放了大量的二氧化碳（CO₂）、水蒸气（H₂O）以及氨气（NH₃）等，消耗了甲烷爆炸产生的能量、稀释了火焰面附近的甲烷与氧气，并且吸收了甲烷燃烧反应过程中的关键自由基。同时，NH₃还能与甲烷燃烧的产物与中间产物发生化学反应，生成碳酸铵盐类固态产物，起到消耗甲烷燃烧反应过程中可燃物与自由基的作用。根据抑爆机理，提出了含磷多组分粉体协同抑爆作用模型。

Methane explosion accidents seriously threaten industrial safety and development. Methane explosion prevention and control is one of the most important topics in the present development of industrial safety. Among these topics, powder suppressants have received great attention as important materials for methane explosion inhibition. In this paper, inorganic compound powder and organic phosphorus-containing compound powder that were prone to thermal decomposition at low temperature were selected, and a phosphorous-containing multicomponent powder with a relatively great explosion inhibition capability was obtained through multicomponent compounding. In addition, three experimental and theoretical analyses were used to investigate the inhibition effect of the phosphorous-containing multicomponent powder: a methane explosion inhibition experiment, flame inhibition experiment and physical property comparison. The inhibition mechanism of the phosphorous-containing multicomponent powder on methane explosion was revealed. The relevant results could provide a new idea for research on new powder suppressants and have important theoretical and practical significance for the prevention and control of industrial flammable gas explosions.

The inhibition effects of the phosphorous-containing multicomponent powders with various ratios, phosphorous-containing components and concentrations on methane explosion were investigated by using a visualized 20-L spherical vessel; the explored parameters included the explosion pressure, pressure increase rate, characteristic time, flame propagation and free radical production. The results showed that when the mass ratio of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃), potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄, MAP) was 1:1:2:1, the phosphorous-containing multicomponent powder achieved the best inhibition of methane explosion. At this optimal ratio, when the powder concentration increased from 0 g/m³ to 375 g/m³, the maximum explosion pressure of methane (9.5%) was reduced from 0.666 MPa to 0.326 MPa. The maximum explosion pressures of methane (9.5%) for the corresponding single powders were reduced to 0.501 MPa (Al(OH)₃), 0.376 MPa (NaHCO₃), 0.366 MPa (NH₄H₂PO₄), and 0.360 MPa (K₂CO₃). The inhibition effect of the phosphorous-containing multicomponent powder was significantly greater than that of the single powders, indicating the synergistic effect of the powders on inhibition. When ammonium polyphosphate (APP), modified phosphorus containing chitosan (PACS), and MAP were added as phosphorus-containing components, the complete inhibition concentrations of phosphorus-containing multicomponent powders for methane explosion (9.5%) were 660 g/m³, 625 g/m³, and 600 g/m³, respectively. When MAP was added, the phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder had a greater inhibition effect on methane explosion.

Based on the analysis of flame evolution, the inhibition effect of the phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder on flame propagation was clarified. When MAP was added, under the optimal ratio, as the concentration of the phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder increased from 0 g/m³ to 375 g/m³, the average flame propagation velocity of the methane (9.5%) explosion was reduced from 1.19 m/s to 0.23 m/s, which was significantly lower than the velocity under single powder inhibition. The phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder had a greater inhibition effect on the methane combustion reaction than the corresponding single powder, evolving the methane explosion from a spherical flame to a mushroom-shaped flame that is ultimately extinguished. Under the influences of powder agglomeration and buoyancy, as the concentration of the phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder increased from 250 g/m³ to 525 g/m³, methane explosion was found to be caused by the upward moving flame core, reducing the powder inhibition effect. In addition, based on an analysis of the free radical emission spectra, the inhibition effect of the phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder on the methane combustion reaction was revealed. The production of key free radicals during methane explosion was reduced under powder inhibition conditions. The flame propagation slowed, and the methane combustion reaction rate decreased to a relatively large degree under powder inhibition conditions. Under the same production conditions of ·CH₂O and ·H radicals, the energy produced by methane explosion was lower through phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder inhibition than through the single powder inhibition. Under the same energy produced by methane explosion, the production of ·OH radicals was lower under phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder inhibition conditions than under single powder inhibition conditions. At the optimal ratio, when MAP was added, the phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder had a relatively great inhibition effect on flame propagation and radical production for methane explosion.

Based on the forced ignition model of combustibles, a model for the flame propagation of methane explosion under phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder was proposed. By combining the analysis of thermal decomposition, heat absorption and microstructural characteristics, the inhibition mechanism of the phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder on methane explosion was revealed. NaHCO₃, Al(OH)₃, and K₂CO₃ could react with ammonium salt containing phosphate radicals at the initial stage of methane explosion heating. At the optimal ratio, when MAP was added, the rapid decomposition of the phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder mainly occurred before 400 ℃, with an endothermic enthalpy of 474.9 J/g. Many gases, such as CO₂, H₂O and NH_3, were produced during powder decomposition, thus reducing the amount of energy produced by methane explosion, diluting methane and oxygen near the flame surface, and consuming free radicals produced by methane combustion. In addition, NH₃ could react with methane combustion products and intermediate products to generate solid products, such as ammonium carbonate, which played an important role in consuming combustible and free radicals during methane explosion. Based on the inhibition mechanism, a synergistic inhibition model of the phosphorus-containing multicomponent powder was proposed.

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