随着我国对煤炭资源需求的进一步增加，国家能源战略逐渐向西部转移。由于东西部地区的差异性，西部地区矿井通常需要穿越厚度较大的软岩地层，冻结法以其独特的优势被广泛应用。而在立井开挖完成后，冻结壁会处于一定时间的解冻状态，在长期荷载作用下冻结壁可能会产生较大变形造成井壁失稳破裂。本文针对我国西部地区立井冻结壁软岩解冻过程蠕变力学特性和冻结壁稳定性的关键问题，以甘肃新庄煤矿回风立井冻结工程为背景，以深厚软岩地层中的白垩系砂岩为研究对象，采用理论分析、室内试验、模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法，研究白垩系砂岩在解冻过程中的蠕变力学特性及其损伤问题，对立井冻结壁在长期荷载作用下的稳定性进行评价。主要研究内容及结论如下：

（1）通过对白垩系砂岩的宏微观结构特征及其物理参数进行深入分析，揭示了白垩系地层水稳定性差的原因；通过测定白垩系砂岩在解冻条件下的热物理参数，系统掌握砂岩在解冻过程中的热传递规律；开展了白垩系砂岩解冻条件下的单轴和三轴压缩试验，系统分析了白垩系砂岩解冻过程中的力学特性变化规律；通过核磁共振技术探究了白垩系砂岩经过低温处理后内部水的赋存状态，分析砂岩破坏与未冻水的关系，建立了白垩系砂岩的二元介质本构模型。

（2）通过开展白垩系砂岩解冻过程蠕变试验，得到相应的蠕变应变-时间曲线、应变速率-时间曲线。经研究发现白垩系砂岩解冻条件下蠕变试验呈现出明显的衰减蠕变阶段、稳态蠕变阶段和加速蠕变阶段。在衰减蠕变阶段产生瞬时变形，持续较短时间后进入稳态蠕变阶段，此时蠕变速率较低，砂岩变形较小。随着解冻温度的升高，白垩系砂岩的蠕变行为存在明显的加速阶段，此时砂岩变形较大且速率较快。通过多种方法相互印证最终确定出砂岩的长期强度值。

（3）建立了白垩系砂岩解冻过程蠕变损伤模型。通过对白垩系砂岩解冻过程蠕变试验结果分析，发现砂岩的蠕变破坏与未冻水含量密切相关。在解冻过程中白垩系砂岩的未冻水含量逐渐增加，并且砂岩蠕变过程中存在压融现象，在温度和压融双重作用下使得砂岩内部未冻水含量增多，两者与未冻水含量的变化均呈正相关关系，但是并非简单的线性关系。因此引入分数阶理论，建立相应的蠕变损伤模型，揭示了白垩系砂岩解冻过程中在长期荷载作用下的蠕变破坏规律。

（4）开展室内相似模型试验和数值模拟分析，对白垩系砂岩冻结壁的稳定性进行了评价。根据工程实际情况结合室内试验条件确定出模型试验的相似比，应用相似理论原理确定出内摩擦角、重度、应变、应力、弹性模量、粘聚力和作用力等多个物理力学参数的理论值，按照相似材料选取原则确定出材料的成分，通过正交试验得到相似材料的配比。以新庄煤矿回风立井白垩系洛河组中粒砂岩层为模拟对象，根据相似比制作出立井井筒模型，根据地层参数确定出荷载设计值的大小，结合数据采集系统、信息处理系统和环境系统测试了相似材料解冻过程中的蠕变变形。基于ABAQUS软件对蠕变损伤方程进行二次开发，通过数值计算方法模拟冻结壁的解冻过程，对立井冻结壁在长期荷载作用下的稳定性作出了评价。

With the further increase of China's demand for coal resources, the national energy strategy is gradually transferred to Western China. Due to the differences between the eastern and western regions, the mines in the western region usually need to pass through thick soft rock formations. Freezing method is widely used with its unique advantages. After the excavation of the shaft is completed, the frozen wall will be in a thawed state for a long time. Under the long-term load, the frozen wall may produce large deformation, resulting in instability and rupture of the well wall. This paper addresses the key issues of the creep mechanical properties and the stability of the frozen wall during the thawing process of the frozen wall soft rock in the western region of China. The Cretaceous sandstone in the deep soft rock stratum is selected as the research object based on the freezing project of the vertical shaft of Xinzhuang Coal Mine in Gansu Province. The creep mechanical properties and damage of Cretaceous sandstone during thawing are studied by combining theoretical analysis, laboratory test, model test and numerical simulation. The stability of the frozen wall of the vertical shaft under long-term loading is evaluated. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:

(1) The reasons for the poor stability of Cretaceous formation water are revealed by in-depth analysis of the macro-structural and micro-structural characteristics and physical parameters of the Cretaceous sandstone. By measuring the thermophysical parameters of the Cretaceous sandstone under thawing conditions, the heat transfer law of the sandstone during the thawing process was systematically mastered. By carrying out uniaxial and triaxial compression tests under the thawing conditions of Cretaceous sandstone, the changing law of mechanical properties of Cretaceous sandstone during thawing process was systematically analyzed. The occurrence state of internal water in Cretaceous sandstone after low temperature treatment was explored by nuclear magnetic resonance technology. By analyzing the relationship between sandstone failure and unfrozen water, a binary medium constitutive model of Cretaceous sandstone is established. By analyzing the relationship between sandstone failure and unfrozen water, a binary medium constitutive model of Cretaceous sandstone is established.

(2) The corresponding creep strain-time curve and strain rate-time curve were obtained by carrying out the creep test during the thawing process of the Cretaceous sandstone. The study found that the creep test under the thawing condition of Cretaceous sandstone showed obvious attenuation creep stage, steady creep stage and accelerated creep stage. Transient deformation occurs during the decay creep stage. After a short period of time, it enters the steady-state creep stage, where the creep rate is low and the sandstone deformation is small. With the increase of temperature, the creep behavior of Cretaceous sandstone has an obvious acceleration stage, where the deformation of sandstone is larger and the rate is faster. The long-term strength value of the sandstone is finally determined through a variety of methods to verify each other.

(3) A creep damage model of Cretaceous sandstone during thawing is established. By analyzing the creep test results of the Cretaceous sandstone during thawing, it is found that the creep failure of the sandstone is closely related to the unfrozen water content. The unfrozen water content of Cretaceous sandstones increases gradually during the thawing process. And there is pressure melting phenomenon in the sandstone creep process. Under the dual action of temperature and pressure, the unfrozen water content in the sandstone increases. Both are positively correlated with the change of unfrozen water content, but it is not a simple linear relationship. Therefore, the fractional-order theoretical zone was introduced to establish the corresponding creep damage model, which revealed the creep failure law of Cretaceous sandstone under long-term load during the thawing process.

(4) The indoor similarity model test and numerical simulation analysis were carried out to evaluate the stability of the frozen wall of Cretaceous sandstone. The similarity ratio of the model test is determined according to the actual situation of the project and the laboratory test conditions. The theoretical values of several physical and mechanical parameters are determined by applying similarity theory, such as internal friction angle, gravity, strain, stress, elastic modulus, cohesion and acting force. The composition of the material is determined according to the principle of selecting similar materials. The ratio of similar materials was obtained by orthogonal test. The Cretaceous Luohe Formation medium-grained sandstone in the vertical shaft of Xinzhuang Coal Mine is used as the simulation object. According to the similarity ratio, the vertical shaft model is made. Determine the size of the attached load according to the stratum parameters. Combined with data acquisition system, information processing system and environmental system, the creep deformation of similar materials during thawing is tested. The secondary development of the creep damage equation was carried out based on ABAQUS software. The thawing process of the frozen wall is simulated by numerical calculation method. The stability of the frozen wall of vertical shaft under long-term load is evaluated.

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