煤炭在开采、洗选、加工、装卸、运输直到利用整个过程中都会产生大量的煤尘。煤尘污染可对人体健康造成严重伤害，甚至威胁人类生命安全，给生产企业带来巨大经济损失和安全隐患。普遍采用的洒水降尘、铺设防尘网、集装箱运输等措施已远远不能满足现阶段煤炭生产和使用过程的防尘需求。化学抑尘剂由于高效、环保、廉价等优点正逐渐获得关注。 本文以纯化处理的环境矿物（硅藻土和凹凸棒土）为骨架材料，丙烯酸为单体，乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂，过硫酸钾为引发剂，在微波辐照环境下与改性葵花秸秆接枝共聚制备吸水树脂。研究了环境矿物用量、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、单体用量、单体中和度、反应温度、微波功率及辐照时间对吸水树脂吸水保水性能的影响，完成了吸水树脂的配方及合成工艺优化。借助吸水倍率、保水率、接枝率、扫描电镜（SEM）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、热重-差热同步热分析（TG-DSC）等分析测试手段对吸水树脂结构及性能进行了表征。将吸水树脂与表面活性剂溶液复配制备煤尘抑尘剂，通过粘度、渗透性、保水性、防腐性、抗风蚀和抗雨水冲蚀实验等测试分析表征了抑尘剂性能。研究结果表明： (1)硅藻土0.7g，丙烯酸用量6.0g，改性葵花秸秆1.0g，乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯0.02g，过硫酸钾0.02g，微波功率250W，辐照时间1.5min，反应温度50℃制备出的硅藻土基吸水树脂吸水倍率为528.54g/g；优化出的凹凸棒土基吸水树脂配方及合成工艺为：凹凸棒土为0.8g，丙烯酸用量7.0g，改性葵花秸秆1.0g，乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯0.02g，过硫酸钾0.02g，微波功率150W，辐照时间1.5min，反应温度为50℃，对应树脂的吸水倍率563.43g/g。 (2)硅藻土和凹凸棒土能发挥较好的骨架作用，丙烯酸单体与葵花秸秆纤维素在骨架上发生明显的接枝共聚反应制得吸水树脂，接枝率分别为84.3%和89.6%。对应吸水树脂在100℃内质量损失分别为7.81%和7.67%，最快热分解温度410℃~420℃，树脂有较好热稳定性能。 (3)喷洒硅藻土基抑尘剂煤样在40℃的恒温鼓风干燥箱中6h水蒸发量为16.41%，2000W风机作用下煤尘质量损失3.58%，该抑尘剂粘度为260mPa•s，渗透速率为0.213mm/s；同等条件下喷洒凹凸棒土基抑尘剂煤样水蒸发量为15.76%，煤尘质量损失2.21%，抑尘剂粘度为280mPa•s，渗透速率为0.216mm/s；喷洒两种抑尘剂后均不会降低煤的发热量，对设备腐蚀性极小。

Large amounts of coal dust can be produced in coal mining, washing, processing, transportation and utilization process, causing serious harm to human health and threat to safety of people, as well as economic damage and the potential safety hazard. Some commonly used measurements for dust controlling are unable to meet the demand of current coal production, such as waterspraying, dustproof network constructing and container transportation. Due to high efficiency, environmental protection, low cost and other advantages, chemical dust suppressant are drawing more and more attention. Purified environmental mineral (diatomite and attapulgite) was used as skeleton, acrylic acid as monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinking agent, potassium persulfate as initiator to prepare water absorbent resin by grafting copolymerization with modified sunflower stalk under microwave irradiation in this paper. The influence of environmental mineral, crosslinking agent, initiator, monomer, neutralization degree of monomer, reaction temperature, microwave power and microwave irradiation time on the resin properties were studied, at the same time, completed the optimization of experiments recipe and synthesis process. The structure and properties of water absorbent resin were characterized by water absorption, water retention rate, grafting ratio, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry-differentia lthermal simultaneous thermal analysis(TG-DSC)and other analytical methods. The dust suppression agent was complexed with the above water absorbent resin and surfactant solution, and it’s performance was characterized and analyzed by viscosity, permeability, water retention, anti-erosion test, resistance to rain erosion test and corrosion resistance. The results show that: (1)The diatomite-absorbent resin was prepared under the condition of diatomite is 0.7g, the dosage of acrylic acide is 6.0g, modified sunflower stalks is 1.0g, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is 0.02g, potassium persulfate is 0.02g, microwave power is 250W, irradiation time is 1.5min and the reaction temperature is 50℃. And the water absorption rate of the resin can reach to 528.54g/g; The optimized formula and synthesis process of attapulgite-absorbent resin is that the attapulgite is 0.8g, the dosage of acrylic acide is 7.0g, modified sunflower stalks is 1.0g, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is 0.02g, persulfate potassium is 0.02g, microwave power is 150W, irradiation time is 1.5min and the reaction temperature is 50℃, the water absorption rate of this resin is 563.43g/g under this condition. (2)Diatomite and attapulgite make a good skeleton function in water absorbent resin, also the graft copolymerization reaction of acrylic monomers and sunflower stalk was occurred on the skeleton obviously, grafting rate were 84.3% and 89.6% respectively, quality loss were7.81% and 7.67% within 100 ℃ respectively, the fastest thermal decomposition temperature is between 410 ℃ and 420 ℃, so the resin has good thermal stability. (3)The water evaporation capacity of coal sample sprayed with diatomite dust suppression agent is 16.41% at 40℃ in Oven thermostat blast for 6h, under the effect of 2000w fan the coal quality loss is 3.58%. The viscosity of this dust suppression agent is 260 mPa•s, penetration rate is 0.213 mm/s ；Under the same conditions, the water evaporation capacity of coal sample sprayed with attapulgite dust suppression agent is 15.76%, the coal quality loss is 2.21%. The viscosity of this dust suppression agent is 280 mPa•s, penetration rate is 0.216 mm/s. The calorific value of coal does not reduce and a little corrosivity to equipment after spraying two dust suppression agent.