近距离煤层采空区遗留斜交煤柱条件下，工作面表现出显著的强矿压特征。传统单一煤层过煤柱开采时的矿压控制方法尚无法有效解决在上覆遗留煤柱下开采时产生的现场矿压问题。本文针对神东矿区近距离煤层过上层遗留煤柱开采时发生的顶板破碎与切落、煤壁片帮、支架压死等生产技术难题，以神东大柳塔煤矿活鸡兔井典型近距离煤层开采工作面过斜交煤柱为背景，采用理论分析、相似模拟、数值模拟、现场实测及工业应用等综合研究方法，深入探讨不同斜交角度下的煤柱对工作面矿压显现、工作面过上覆斜交煤柱时顶板断裂模式及其影响因素、覆岩垮落特征及其载荷传递模式、遗留煤柱下底板应力分布等问题。建立了过斜交煤柱顶板结构模型、煤柱变形分区分布式光纤表征方法，形成工作面过斜交煤柱影响区的光纤监测及强矿压控制技术。研究成果为近距离煤层开采工作面过斜交煤柱矿压显现规律及现场调控提供技术支撑和理论依据，获得的主要成果如下：

（1）对神东矿区2023年生产中过煤柱工作面的实际情况进行统计分析，预计2024~2025年，神东矿区共计11个煤矿48个工作面将涉及到过不同煤柱的开采情况，总结不同角度斜交煤柱影响下的工作面矿压显现特征及强矿压特征。顶板结构的垮落引起煤柱上覆岩层铰接结构迅速失稳，二者产生的载荷共同作用于工作面支架及煤壁，导致了强矿压的显现。其中下煤层工作面顶板出现贯通裂隙以及下行张拉裂缝带是顶板破碎与切落的直接原因，工作面过煤柱时对上下端头的支架压力影响较大。

（2）采用三维数值计算方法，模拟不同层间岩性、层间距、工作面位置与遗留煤柱夹角等开采条件下的顶板破断特征、与过斜交煤柱开采的倾角效应。揭示过煤柱阶段的覆岩移动特征及强矿压显现机理，其中遗留煤柱及其覆岩结构的自稳能力决定了工作面过遗留煤柱的危险程度，定义倾覆位移差用以描述遗留煤柱及其覆岩结构的运动形式和倾覆程度。研究随层间岩性的强度及间距变化，遗留煤柱的倾覆速率变化关系。得出斜交角度越小，其稳定性越弱，回转/切落动载强度愈强，危险性越大，斜交角度为0时，危险程度最大。

（3）开展几何相似比为1:100的5m平面物理相似模型实验，通过分布式光纤（BOTDA）、光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）、压力传感器、数字散斑、百分表记录地表下沉等，研究覆岩垮落特征及载荷传递，对过25 m和35 m遗留煤柱的覆岩结构形态、应力应变和位移进行研究。正常来压情况下，平均来压强度为16215kN，动载系数平均为1.18；在“进-过-出”煤柱时的平均来压强度及动载系数分别为16767 kN、1.23，15824 kN、1.12，18455kN、1.44。出煤柱时来压强度普遍大于进、过煤柱时的来压强度。遗留煤柱宽度对覆岩造成的破坏程度影响相对较低，工作面过35 m和25 m遗留煤柱时，来压期间的工作面支架平均增载系数分别为1.51、1.63。

（4）建立底板应力分布的理论解析，研究斜交煤柱影响下工作面载荷形式及斜交角度对顶板载荷形式的影响规律。斜交煤柱影响下，下工作面顶板应力在走向方向，以倾向为轴呈180°对称分布，载荷形式为局部单峰形态，峰值大小基本一致，影响范围随斜交角度的增大而减小。随着斜交角度增大，工作面倾向方向受上覆遗留煤柱影响程度逐渐减小；而走向方向的顶板受影响程度逐渐增大，直至与工作面控顶距相同。

（5）借鉴典型浅埋煤层顶板结构理论，层间单一关键层周期破断形成台阶岩梁结构，研究过斜交煤柱强矿压机理及顶板结构模型。根据相似模拟实验中岩层的垮落结构，建立过遗留煤柱时单关键层近距离煤层顶板形成的台阶岩梁结构模型，给出下煤层工作面不同煤柱载荷条件下的支架载荷计算方法，以及工作面过斜交煤柱时的支架载荷计算公式。与现场实测的22208工作面中部进斜交煤柱来压时的支架载荷进行对比分析，验证其计算方法。

（6）创新性的将光纤传感技术用于煤柱监测，将分布式光纤、光栅植入煤岩体内部，获取工作面有无遗留煤柱条件下的煤柱内部变形实测数据，对比分析有无遗留煤柱下的煤柱内部变形和分区特征。研究重复采动影响下过煤柱阶段的巷道区段煤柱内部变形特征、有无遗留煤柱下煤柱内部变形特征。工作面过煤柱时，上覆遗留煤柱下方区段煤柱弹性区宽度占比20%，采空区下方区段煤柱弹性区宽度占比40%。通过光纤现场实测，获得了区段煤柱内部水平应变和变形规律，煤柱内部水平应变呈现明显的分区变形特征。在工作面过测点时，采动侧水平应变呈指数增长，靠近采动侧煤柱变形量最大，约为未采动侧的5倍。

（7）通过分布式光纤传感技术，揭示重复采动影响下的过煤柱阶段区段煤柱内部塑性区分布规律。初次采动时，区段煤柱的现场监测距离为180m，二次采动时，现场监测距离为500m，对工作面“进-过-出”遗留煤柱的过程进行了完整监测。初次采动后煤柱内部塑性区占比36％，重复采动影响下的进煤柱阶段，煤柱塑性区占比达到67%，局部位置煤柱进入破碎阶段；过煤柱阶段，煤柱受应力叠加影响，水平变形显著增大，其中塑性区范围相比初次采动增大57%，破碎区宽度增大3.6倍，峰值水平应变达到2326 με，煤柱塑性区和破碎区占比达到83%。

（8）针对活鸡兔井22206和22208工作面回采期间工作面过煤柱时，发现上部测区矿压显现正常，而下部测区靠近机尾处来压强度最高，其对工作面正常推进会产生较大影响。提出采用巷道顶帮补强支护和加快“进-过-出”煤柱时的工作面推进速度两种方法，此外对间隔岩层提出顶板定向长钻孔分段压裂弱化技术，即工作面布置1个钻场，每个钻场布置3个钻孔，通过卸压弱化和应力转移及均布化来降低工作面的来压强度。

Under the conditions of close-distance coal seam mining with oblique residual coal pillars in the goaf, the working face exhibits significant strong ground pressure characteristics. The laws of ground pressure manifestation during traditional single-seam mining and the conventional methods for controlling ground pressure when passing through coal pillars cannot effectively solve the on-site ground pressure problems. This paper addresses the technical challenges encountered during the mining of close-distance coal seams overlying oblique residual coal pillars in the Shendong mining area, including roof fragmentation and spalling, rib failure, and support crushing.Using the typical close-distance coal seam mining face at Huojitu Shaft of Daliuta Coal Mine in the Shendong area as a case study, an integrated research approach was adopted, including theoretical analysis, physical simulation, numerical modeling, in-situ measurement, and industrial application. This approach enabled a thorough investigation into the influence of coal pillars at various inclination angles on ground pressure manifestations, the fracture patterns and influencing factors of the roof when passing over obliquely placed upper coal pillars, the collapse characteristics and load transfer mechanisms of overburden, and the stress distribution beneath the residual coal pillars. A structural model for the roof passing over oblique coal pillars and a distributed fiber optic characterization method for coal pillar deformation zones were established. Additionally, a fiber optic monitoring system for deformation within the impact zone of the working face passing through oblique coal pillars, along with strong ground pressure control techniques, was developed. The research outcomes provide technical support and theoretical foundations for understanding and managing the ground pressure manifestations and their regulation in the working faces of close-distance coal seam mining that pass through oblique residual coal pillars. The main achievements obtained from this research are as follows:

(1) A statistical analysis was conducted on the actual situation of coal pillar passing in the Shendong mining area during production in 2023. It is estimated that from 2024 to 2025, a total of 48 working faces in 11 coal mines in the Shendong mining area will be involved in the mining of coal pillars of different types. The characteristics of mining pressure manifestation under the influence of coal pillars at different oblique angles were summarized, as well as the characteristics of strong mining pressure. The collapse of the roof structure causes the overlying rock layer of the coal pillar to lose stability rapidly, and the loads produced by both contribute to the strong mining pressure manifestation at the working face supports and coal walls. The appearance of through-going fractures and downward tensile crack zones in the roof of the lower coal seam working face is the direct cause of roof fragmentation and falling, and the passage of the working face through the coal pillar significantly affects the pressure on the upper and lower end supports.

(2) Using three-dimensional numerical calculation methods, the simulation of roof fracturing characteristics under various mining conditions, such as different interlayer rock properties, layer spacing, and the angle between the working face and the legacy coal pillars, as well as the inclination effect of mining through oblique coal pillars, was conducted. The study reveals the movement characteristics of the overlying rock during the coal pillar passing stage and the mechanism of strong mining pressure manifestation. The self-stability of the legacy coal pillars and their overlying rock structures determines the degree of danger when the working face passes through the legacy coal pillars. The tipping displacement difference δ is defined to describe the movement form and tipping degree of the legacy coal pillars and their overlying rock structures. The research investigates the relationship between the tipping rate of the legacy coal pillars and the changes in interlayer rock strength and spacing. It is concluded that the smaller the oblique angle, the weaker the stability, the stronger the rotation/fall dynamic load intensity, and the greater the danger. When the oblique angle is 0 degrees, the degree of danger is the greatest.

(3) A 5m planar physical similarity model experiment with a geometric similarity ratio of 1:100 was conducted. Using distributed fiber optic (BOTDA), fiber Bragg grating (FBG), pressure sensors, digital speckle, and vernier calipers to record surface subsidence, the study investigated the characteristics of overlying rock collapse and load transfer, as well as the structural morphology, stress-strain, and displacement of the overlying rock when passing through 25m and 35m legacy coal pillars. Under normal pressure conditions, the average pressure intensity is 16,215 kN, with an average dynamic load coefficient of 1.18; the average pressure intensity and dynamic load coefficients during "entering-passing-leaving" the coal pillar are 16,767 kN, 1.23; 15,824 kN, 1.12; and 18,455 kN, 1.44, respectively. The pressure intensity when leaving the coal pillar is generally greater than when entering and passing through the coal pillar. The influence of the width of the legacy coal pillar on the degree of damage to the overlying rock is relatively low. When the working face passes through 35m and 25m legacy coal pillars, the average load increase coefficient of the working face support during the pressure period is 1.51 and 1.63, respectively.

(4) Establish a theoretical analysis of the stress distribution on the floor, and study the influence of the load form on the working face and the fluence of the impact of the oblique angle on the load form of the roof under the influence of oblique coal pillars. Under the influence of oblique coal pillars, the stress on the roof of the lower working face is symmetrically distributed in the strike direction, taking the dip as the axis for 180° symmetry, with the load form being a local single-peak shape, and the peak value is essentially consistent, with the range of influence decreasing as the oblique angle increases. As the oblique angle increases, the range of influence of the overlying legacy coal pillars on the working face dip gradually decreases; the range of influence on the roof in the strike direction gradually increases until it is the same as the working face's roof control distance.

(5) Drawing on the typical theory of roof structure in shallow-buried coal seams, where a single key layer between layers periodically fractures to form a stepped rock beam structure, this study investigates the mechanism of strong mining pressure and the roof structure model when passing through oblique coal pillars. Based on the collapse structure of rock layers from similar simulation experiments, a stepped rock beam structure model of the roof for closely spaced coal seams formed by a single key layer when passing through legacy coal pillars has been established. The study provides a method for calculating the support load under different coal pillar load conditions in the lower coal seam working face, as well as a formula for calculating the support load when the working face passes through an coal pillar. The calculated methods were verified by comparing the support loads during the approach of the oblique coal pillar in the middle section of the 22208 working face with actual on-site measurements.

(6) For the first time, optical fiber sensing technology has been applied to the monitoring of coal pillars by implanting distributed fibers and gratings into the coal and rock mass to obtain actual measured data of internal deformation of coal pillars with and without legacy coal pillars underneath the working face, and to compare and analyze the internal deformation and zoning characteristics of coal pillars with and without legacy coal pillars. The study investigates the internal deformation characteristics of the roadway section coal pillars during the stage of passing through coal pillars under the influence of repeated mining activities, as well as the internal deformation characteristics of coal pillars with and without legacy coal pillars. When the working face passes through the coal pillar, the width of the elastic zone of the coal pillar section below the overlying legacy coal pillar accounts for 20%, and the width of the elastic zone of the coal pillar section below the goaf accounts for 40%. Through on-site measurement with optical fibers, the rules of horizontal strain and deformation inside the section coal pillar were obtained, and the horizontal strain inside the coal pillar shows obvious zonal deformation characteristics. When the working face passes the measurement point, the horizontal strain on the mining side increases exponentially, and the deformation of the coal pillar close to the mining side is the largest, about 5 times that of the unmined side.

(7) Using distributed fiber optic sensing technology, the study reveals the distribution pattern of plastic zones within the section coal pillars during the stage of passing through coal pillars under the influence of repeated mining activities. During the initial mining activity, the on-site monitoring distance for the section coal pillar was 183 meters, and during the secondary mining activity, the monitoring distance was 500 meters, providing complete monitoring of the process as the working face "entered, passed through, and exited" the legacy coal pillars. After the initial mining activity, the plastic zone within the coal pillar accounted for 36%. Under the influence of repeated mining activities, the plastic zone of the coal pillar during the stage of entering the coal pillar reached 67%, with local areas of the coal pillar entering the fragmented stage. During the stage of passing through the coal pillar, the coal pillar was significantly affected by the superposition of stresses, leading to a marked increase in horizontal deformation. The range of the plastic zone increased by 57% compared to the initial mining activity, the width of the fragmented zone increased by 3.6 times, the peak horizontal strain reached 2326 με, and the combined proportion of the plastic zone and fragmented zone of the coal pillar reached 83%.

(8) During the retreat mining period of the 22206 and 22208 working faces at the Huojitu well, the mining pressure manifestation in the upper measurement area is normal when the working face passes through the coal pillars, while the lower measurement area near the tailgate experiences the highest pressure intensity, which significantly affects the normal advancement of the working face. Two methods are proposed: reinforcing the support of the roadway roof and sides, and accelerating the working face advance speed during the "entry and passage" of the coal pillars. A directional long drilling hole fracturing technology is proposed for the interlayer rock to weaken it. One drilling site is arranged at the working face, with three drilling holes at each site, to relieve pressure, transfer stress, and distribute it evenly, thereby reducing the pressure intensity on the working face.

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