液体燃料火灾事故频繁发生，造成了巨大的损失和严重的环境污染。水成膜泡沫（Aqueous film-forming foam,AFFF）是目前公认最有效的液体火灾灭火剂。然而AFFF中的长链氟碳表面活性剂被证明对生态环境有重大危害。因此，为了研制高效的环保泡沫灭火剂，本文将纳米颗粒与环保泡沫活性组分进行复配，研究了无机纳米颗粒强化的环保泡沫灭火性能。

       首先，研究了纳米颗粒的种类、浓度、比表面积对环保泡沫表面活性、电导率和粘性的影响规律，分析了纳米颗粒与环保泡沫活性组分在气/液界面上的相互作用。结果表明，四种纳米颗粒的加入均会降低泡沫溶液的表面活性，增加溶液的粘性。随着SiO₂纳米颗粒浓度的增加，混合液的电导率逐渐降低，表面活性和粘度逐渐增大；随着SiO₂纳米颗粒比表面积的增加，混合液的表面活性逐渐降低，粘度和电导率逐渐增加。相较于Al(OH)₃、Mg(OH)₂和CaCO₃纳米颗粒，SiO₂与环保泡沫活性组分之间存在更强烈的相互作用。这些相互作用会使得纳米颗粒与活性组分形成疏水聚集体，这些疏水聚集体会集聚在气/液界面处。

       其次，研究了纳米颗粒的种类、浓度、比表面积对环保泡沫起泡性、泡沫析液和泡沫粗化的影响规律，分析了纳米颗粒对环保泡沫稳定性的强化机理。结果表明四种纳米颗粒均能显著强化环保泡沫的稳定性，但会导致起泡性有轻微的下降，相较于CaCO₃和Mg(OH)₂纳米颗粒，SiO₂和Al(OH)₃强化泡沫稳定性的能力更为卓越。随着SiO₂纳米颗粒浓度的增加，环保泡沫的析液和粗化速率降低，但起泡性能也随之减弱。随SiO₂纳米颗粒比表面积的增加，环保泡沫的起泡性能逐渐增强，泡沫稳定性先增强后减弱。SiO₂纳米颗粒添加浓度为3%，比表面积为300 m²/g时，环保泡沫具有最优的泡沫性能。大量纳米颗粒与活性组分聚集体集聚在泡沫液膜和Plateau边界，在气泡周围形成了网络结构，强化了泡沫液膜，有效的减缓了泡沫析液和粗化。

       最后，研究了纳米颗粒对环保泡沫灭火性能的影响规律，分析了纳米颗粒对环保泡沫灭火性能的影响机理。结果表明，含纳米颗粒的环保泡沫能够高效灭火，灭火时间与抗烧时间远超传统的商业水成膜泡沫灭火剂与国标要求，灭火时间可达到20秒，抗烧时间可达到30分钟。纳米颗粒的加入会使得环保泡沫的灭火时间略微增加，但相较商用AFFF的灭火时间缩短了一半。高浓度纳米颗粒的加入会导致环保泡沫粘度增加，不利于灭火。纳米颗粒极大程度的增加了环保泡沫的抗烧时间，含纳米颗粒的环保泡沫能够在抗烧过程中保持较高的含水量，有效的抑制燃料蒸汽并阻碍高温的传导，显著增强了抗烧能力，抗烧时间接近商用AFFF的3倍。添加浓度为3%的SiO₂和5%的Al(OH)₃纳米颗粒对环保泡沫抗烧能力的强化作用最为显著。本研究结果能够为纳米颗粒在环保型泡沫灭火剂中的应用提供理论参考。

       Liquid fuel fire accidents happen frequently, causing great losses and serious environmental pollution. Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) is the most effective fire extinguishing agent. However, long-chain fluorocarbon surfactants in AFFF have proved to be a major threat to the ecological environment. Therefore, in order to study efficient environmentally friendly foam extinguishing agent, this paper mixed nanoparticles with active components of environmental protection foam to study the fire extinguishing performance of environmental protection foam strengthened by inorganic nanoparticles.

       Firstly, the effects of the type, concentration and specific surface area of nanoparticles on the surface activity, conductivity and viscosity of environmentally friendly foam were studied. The interaction between nanoparticles and active components of environmentally friendly foam in gas/liquid interface was analyzed. The results show that the addition of four kinds of nanoparticles can reduce the surface activity of the foam solution and increase the viscosity of the foam solution. With the increase of the concentration of SiO₂ nanoparticles, the conductivity of the mixture decreases gradually, and the surface activity and viscosity increase gradually. With the increase of the specific surface area of SiO₂ nanoparticles, the surface activity of the mixture decreases gradually, and the viscosity and conductivity increase gradually. Compared with Al(OH)₃, Mg(OH)₂ and CaCO₃ nanoparticles, SiO₂ nanoparticles have stronger interaction with the active components of environmentally friendly foam. These interactions cause the nanoparticles to form hydrophobic aggregates with the active component, which accumulate at the gas-liquid interface.

       Secondly, the effects of the type, concentration and specific surface area of nanoparticles on the foam foaming performance, foam drainage and coarsing was studied, and the strengthening mechanism of nanoparticles on the stability of environmental protection foams was analyzed. The results show that the four nanoparticles can significantly enhance the stability of environmental protection foam, but lead to a slight decrease in foaming performance. Compared with CaCO₃ and Mg(OH)₂ nanoparticles, SiO₂ and Al(OH)₃ have better ability to enhance the stability of foam. With the increase of the concentration of SiO₂ nanoparticles, the drainage and coarsening rate of environmentally friendly foam decreased, but the foaming performance also weakened. With the increase of the specific surface area of SiO₂ nanoparticles, the foaming performance of environmental protection foam is gradually enhanced, and the foam stability is first enhanced and then weakened. When the concentration of nanoparticles is 3% and the specific surface area is 300 m²/g, the environmentally friendly foam foam has the best foam performance. A large number of nanoparticles and active components aggregate at the boundary of the foam liquid film and Plateau, forming a network structure around the bubbles, strengthening the foam liquid film, and effectively slowing down the foam liquid drainage and coarsening.

       Finally, the effect of nanoparticles on the fire extinguishing performance of environmental protection foam was studied, and the effect mechanism was analyzed. The results show that the environmentally friendly foam containing nanoparticles can effectively extinguish fire, and the fire extinguishing time and burn-back time are much higher than the traditional commercial water film foam fire extinguishing agent and the national standard requirements, the fire extinguishing time can reach 20 seconds, and the burn-back time can reach 30 minutes. The addition of nanoparticles slightly increased the extinguishing time of the environmentally friendly foam, but the nanoparticle reinforced foam had half the extinguishing time of commercial AFFF. The addition of high concentration of nanoparticles will cause the viscosity of environmentally friendly foam to increase, which is not conducive to fire suppression. The nanoparticles greatly increased the burn-back time of the environmentally friendly foam. The environmentally friendly foam containing nanoparticles can maintain a high water content during the anti-burning process, effectively inhibit the fuel steam and hinder the conduction of high temperature, and significantly enhanced the burn-back ability, and the burn-back time was nearly 3 times that of commercial AFFF. The addition of 3% SiO₂ and 5% Al(OH)₃ nanoparticles has the most significant effect on the burn-back of the environmentally friendly foam. The results of this study can provide theoretical reference for the application of nanoparticles in environmentally friendly foam fire extinguishing agent.

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