煤自燃是煤矿五大灾害之一，煤自燃具有高温火源隐蔽、易复燃等特点，且煤矿采空区冒落空间大、漏风复杂，采空区火源精准探测一直是亟待解决的难题。声波测温技术作为一种基于声学原理测温的新技术，目前已经在储粮、堆积生物质、锅炉及湖水温度等领域成功应用，并取得良好的效果。为此，本文通过测试不同信号在松散煤体中的衰减系数及互相关系数，优选出了适合松散煤体声波测温的最佳声源信号，并基于优选出的信号进行了松散煤体温度测量实验，为采空区自燃高温火源的精准探测奠定基础，取得主要创新工作如下：

       声波在松散煤体中传播路径的确定是声学法测量温度的前提与基础，为此，综合考虑松散煤体级配特性以及煤的力学特性，研究了煤的体积模量、分析了声波在三种纯气体环境（氮气、空气、二氧化碳）及松散煤体不同饱和气体环境中的飞渡时间变化，确定了声波在松散煤体中主要通过松散煤体空隙中的空气进行传播。

       声波信号在传播过程中会产生热传导、粘滞、散射、扩散、弛豫等衰减现象，为探究声波频率、温度及煤的变质程度对衰减系数的影响，运用声波衰减测试系统，研究了100~2500Hz范围内不同频率的声波信号衰减系数及其影响因素，得出了煤的变质程度对声波衰减的影响较小，声波的衰减系数随着温度的增加而增加等结论，确定了声波在松散煤体中传播的最佳频率在600~900Hz之间。

       声波飞渡时间的准确测量是提高测温精度的关键，为明确松散煤体声学测温的最佳声源信号类型及频率，以伪随机、线性扫频及脉冲三种声源信号作为研究对象，探究其在不同温度松散煤体中的衰减系数及互相关值，运用四个指标对信号的优劣进行评判，得出了线性扫频信号的衰减系数对温度的敏感性最低，低频扫频信号衰减较小且互相关具有很好的尖锐性，能够有效的抑制互相关结果中的最大副峰值等结论，确定了周期为0.1s、频带为600~1000Hz的扫频信号作为松散煤体测温的声源信号最佳。

       基于空气中声速与温度的关系，分析了影响声速的主要因素，基于声波测温的基本原理，构建了声学法松散煤体温度测量模型，通过相同温度下声波在松散煤体中与自由大气空间中飞渡时间的比值得到特征因子，同时拟合出特征因子与温度之间的非线性函数，运用测温模型中特征因子、温度及飞渡时间之间的函数关系，计算出松散煤体的温度，根据拟合的非线性函数更新特征因子，实现了松散煤体声学法温度测量，实验测量松散煤体温度的绝对误差不超过1.78℃。

      Coal spontaneous combustion is one of the five major disasters in coal mines. Coal spontaneous combustion has the characteristics of hidden high-temperature fire sources and easy re-ignition. Moreover, the gobs of coal mines have large falling space and complicated air leakage. Accurate detection of fire sources in gobs has always been an urgent problem to be solved. As a new technology of temperature measurement based on acoustic principle, acoustic temperature measurement technology has been successfully applied in the fields of grain storage, accumulation of biomass, boiler and lake water temperature, and achieved good results. For this reason, by testing the attenuation coefficients and cross-correlation coefficients of different signals in loose coal, this paper selects the best sound source signal suitable for acoustic temperature measurement of loose coal, and based on the selected signals, the temperature of loose coal is calculated. The measurement experiment has laid the foundation for the accurate detection of spontaneous combustion high temperature fire sources in goafs. The main innovations obtained are as follows:

      The determination of the propagation path of the sound wave in the loose coal is the premise and basis of the temperature measurement by the acoustic method. Therefore, considering the gradation characteristics of the loose coal and the mechanical properties of the coal, the bulk modulus of the coal and the analysis of the sound wave in the three The change of the time of flight in various pure gas environments (nitrogen, air, carbon dioxide) and in different saturated gas environments of loose coal body, it is determined that the sound wave mainly propagates through the air in the gap of loose coal body in loose coal body.

      During the propagation of acoustic wave signals, attenuation phenomena such as heat conduction, viscosity, scattering, diffusion and relaxation will occur. The attenuation coefficients and influencing factors of acoustic wave signals at different frequencies in the range of 100~2500Hz, and it is concluded that the influence of coal metamorphism on acoustic wave attenuation is small, and the attenuation coefficient of acoustic waves increases with the increase of temperature. The optimal frequency of propagation in coal is between 600~900 Hz.

      Accurate measurement of sound wave transit time is the key to improving temperature measurement accuracy. In order to find the best sound source signal type and frequency for acoustic temperature measurement of loose coal, three kinds of sound source signals, pseudo-random, linear sweep and pulse, are used as the research objects. Explore its attenuation coefficient and cross-correlation value at different temperatures, and use four indicators to judge the quality of the signal. The cross-correlation has good sharpness, which can effectively suppress the largest secondary peak in the cross-correlation results. The source signal is the best.

      Based on the relationship between the speed of sound and temperature in the air, the main factors affecting the speed of sound are analyzed. Based on the basic principle of sound wave temperature measurement, an acoustic method for measuring the temperature of loose coal body is constructed. The ratio of the mid-flight time to obtain the characteristic factor, and at the same time, the nonlinear function between the characteristic factor and the temperature is fitted. Using the functional relationship between the characteristic factor, temperature and flying time in the temperature measurement model, the loose coal mass is calculated. For temperature, the characteristic factor is updated according to the fitted nonlinear function, and the acoustic temperature measurement of loose coal body is realized, and the absolute error of measuring the temperature of loose coal body is not more than 1.78℃.

[1] 刘玲玲.回顾与展望: 2021年的“煤炭热”将持续至2024年[N].中国煤炭报,2021-12-28(7).

[2] 谢和平,吴立新,郑德志.2025年中国能源消费及煤炭需求预测[J].煤炭学报,2019,44(7):1949-1960.

[3] 李志强.“十四五”时期煤炭产业形势及煤炭供需形势研究[J].煤炭经济研究,2021,41(9):9-14.

[4] 郭军,蔡国斌,郑学召,等.矿井热动力灾害及救援安全性判定研究现状及展望[J].煤炭科学技术,2020,48(12):116-122.

[5] 牛会永,邓军,周心权,等.矿井火灾事故调查综合分析技术[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2012,43(12):4812-4818.

[6] 袁亮.煤炭精准开采科学构想[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):1-7.

[7] 王德明,邵振鲁,朱云飞.煤矿热动力重大灾害中的几个科学问题[J].煤炭学报,2021,46(1):57-64.

[8] Chen X, Peng J, Song Z, et al. Monitoring persistent coal fire using Landsat time series data from 1986 to 2020[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2022,60:1-16.

[9] 郭庆.采空区煤自燃预警技术及应用研究[D].徐州：中国矿业大学,2021.

[10] Mishra RK, Roy P, Singh VK, et al. Detection and delineation of coal mine fire in Jharia coal field, India using geophysical approach: A case study[J]. Journal of Earth System Science, 2018,127(8),1-10

[11] Wang H, Tan B, Zhang X. Research on the technology of detection and risk assessment of fire areas in gangue hills[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020,27(31),38776-38787.

[12] Wang HL, Zhou XZ, Yang QF, et al. A Reconstruction Method of Boiler Furnace Temperature Distribution Based on Acoustic Measurement[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,2021,70:1-13.

[13] Hu Y, Guo M, Yan Y, et al. Temperature measurement of stored biomass of different types and bulk densities using acoustic techniques[J]. Fuel, 2019, 257:115986.1-115986.9.

[14] Yan H, Chen G, Zhou Y, et al. Primary study of temperature distribution measurement in stored grain based on acoustic tomography[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2012,42(5):55–63.

[15] Kleppe J A. The application of digital signal processing to acoustic pyrometry[C] Digital Signal Processing Workshop. IEEE Xplore, 1996.

[16] 刘庆华.炉膛烟气温度声波测温系统的应用[J].安装,2010,11:51-54.

[17] 郭军,王凯旋,蔡国斌,等.声发射信号研究进展及其在煤温感知领域应用前景[J].煤炭科学技术,2021,5(1):1-8.

[18] 熊雅玲,陆玖鹏,耿怀亮,等.高温下Pt-13Rh/Pt热电偶的热电动势衰减机理研究[J].贵金属,2020,41(2):7-10+15.

[19] 申文斌,王毅.屯兰矿工作面采空区自然发火规律研究[J].煤炭技术,2017,36(9):251-252.

[20] 管维生,张显峰,李玉民,等.热电偶测温技术在矿井防灭火中的应用[J].华北科技学院学报,2005,3:31-33.

[21] 许扬,李健,张明江.拉曼分布式光纤温度传感仪的研究进展[J].应用科学学报,2021,39(5):713-732.

[22] 文虎,吴慷,马砺,等.分布式光纤测温系统在采空区煤自燃监测中的应用[J].煤矿安全,2014,45(5):100-102+105.

[23] Aminossadati SM, Mohammed NM, Shemshad J. Distributed temperature measurements using optical fibre technology in an underground mine environment[J]. Tunnelling & Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research,2010,25(3):220-229.

[24] Yuan L, Thomas RA, Zhou L. Characterization of a mine fire using atmospheric monitoring system sensor data[J]. Mining Engineering,2017,69(6):57-62.

[25] 黄兴利.黄陵二矿煤自燃预测预报指标气体分析试验[J].陕西煤炭,2021,40(5):17-20+25.

[26] 谭波,邵壮壮,郭岩,等.基于指标气体关联分析的煤自燃分级预警研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2021,31(2):33-39.

[27] Deng J, Liu L, Lei CK, et al. Spatiotemporal Distributions of the Temperature and Index Gases during the Dynamic Evolution of Coal Spontaneous Combustion[J]. Combustion Science and Technology.2021,193(10),1679-1695.

[28] 邓军,雷昌奎,曹凯,等.采空区煤自燃预测的随机森林方法[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(10):2800-2808.

[29] 安帮,王俊峰,王涌宇,等.煤自燃复合指标气体生成规律实验研究[J].煤矿安全,2018,49(2):23-26.

[30] 文娇,李介博,孙井永,等.红外探测与红外隐身材料研究进展[J].航空材料学报,2021,41(03):66-82.

[31] 秦汝祥,陶远,唐明云,等.近巷高温区域红外探测与反演[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(S1):112-116.

[32] 刘辉,吴超,阳富强,等.硫化矿石自燃火源探测的红外热成像方法[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,42(5):1425-1431.

[33] 孔倩,姜根山,孙建浩,等.三维复杂温度场高精度声学测量方法[J].声学学报,2021,46(5):699-711.

[34] TANAKA, S, HIROZAWA, S. Measurement of Temperature Distribution in Boilers Using Acoustic Sensors. Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers,1999,35(9):1146-1154.

[35] 何其伟,於正前,李言钦,等.炉膛速度场声学检测装置[J].自动化与仪器仪表,2003(3):42-45.

[36] 李明杰.弥散介质条件下对称与非对称火焰参数多波长重建的数值研究[D].武汉: 武汉科技大学, 2019.

[37] Green, S. F. An acoustic technique for rapid temperature distribution measurement[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1985,77(2):759-763.

[38] 韦江波,滕学志,王俊石,等.声表面波无源无线温度传感器产品研究进展[J].电子测量技术,2014,37(10):95-99.

[39] Andria G, Attivissimo F, Giaquinto N. Digital signal processing techniques for accurate ultrasonic sensor measurement[J]. Measurement,2001,30(2):105-114.

[40] Villladangos, José, Manuel, et al. Measuring Time-of-Flight in an Ultrasonic LPS System Using Generalized Cross-Correlation.[J]. Sensors,2011,11(11):10326-10342.

[41] Raya R, Frizera A, Ceres R, et al. Design and evaluation of a fast model-based algorithm for ultrasonic range measurements[J]. Sensors & Actuators A Physical,2008,148(1):335-341.

[42] Barth M, Fischer G, Raabe A, et al. Remote sensing of temperature and wind using acoustic travel-time measurements[J].Meteorologische Zeitschrift,2013,22(2):103-109.

[43] Zaz G, Calzavara Y, EL Clézio, et al. Adaptation of a High Frequency Ultrasonic Transducer to the Measurement of Water Temperature in a Nuclear Reactor[J]. Physics Procedia,2015,70:195-198.

[44] 冯鸣.声学高温计-锅炉诊断的新工具[J].发电设备,1990(4):33-36.

[45] 沈国清. 声学方法重建炉内温度场的算法研究[D].保定: 华北电力大学, 2003.

[46] 沈国清,安连锁,姜根山.炉膛烟气温度声学测量方法的研究与进展[J].仪器仪表学报,2003(S1):555-558.

[47] 蔡勇,潘宏,周艳,等.海底热液口温度场高精度声学测量方法研究[J].仪器仪表学报,2012,33(3):649-654.

[48] 蔡勇,方辉,金涛,等.湖底热泉声学测温控制系统的研究[J].机电工程,2014,31(2):154-158.

[49] 陈冠男.声学法仓储粮食温度检测关键技术的研究[D].沈阳: 沈阳工业大学.

[50] 颜华,陈冠男,刘丽钧,等.声层析成像仓储粮食温度监测方法[J].沈阳工业大学学报,2013,35(5):541-547.

[51] 陈建,孙晓颖,林琳,等.一种高精度超声波到达时刻的检测方法[J].仪器仪表学报,2012,33(11):2422-2428.

[52] 陈建,孙晓颖,林琳,等.基于单周期互相关滤波的超声波TOF检测方法[J].仪器仪表学报,2014,35(3):664-669.

[53] 常蕾,赵俭.超声波测温技术在高温气流温场测量中的应用[J].计测技术,2014,34(1):1-4+9.

[54] 郭淼,胡永辉,闫勇,等.基于互相关的堆积物料中声波传播时间测量[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2018,32(12):1-9.

[55] 郭淼. 基于声学法的堆积生物质温度测量研究[D].北京: 华北电力大学,2019.

[56] 于鹏. 粮食中声波飞行时间及衰减系数的测量研究[D].沈阳: 沈阳工业大学,2017.

[57] Ito F, Sakai M. Fundamental studies of acoustic measurement and reconstructing combustion temperature in large boilers[J]. Nihon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, B Hen/Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Part B,1987,53(489):1610-1614.

[58] 刘宁宁,余琳琳,喻孜,等.驻波法测超声波衰减系数[J].大学物理实验,2011,24(5):15-17.

[59] 贺梅英,黄沛天.声速测量实验中声波衰减现象的研究[J].物理测试,2007(1):27-28.

[60] Yu P, Yan H, Yao L. Measurement of acoustic attenuation coefficient of stored grain[C] International Conference on Control. IEEE, 2017. 551-554

[61] 何成洋.炉膛声学测温中声波传播仿真研究[D].南京: 东南大学,2016.

[62] 安连锁,沈国清,姜根山,等.炉内烟气温度声学测量法及其温度场的确定[J].热力发电,2004(9):40-42+84.

[63] 沈国清,安连锁,张波,等.电站锅炉声学测温中的声源选择及其声信号互相关特性分析[J].现代电力,2006(3):41-46.

[64] 杨祥良,安连锁,沈国清,等.单路径声学高温计实时监测锅炉炉膛烟温的试验研究[J].动力工程,2009,29(4):379-383.

[65] 安连锁,李庚生,张世平,等.电站锅炉声学测温中扫频信号声源特性研究[J].动力工程学报,2011,31(11):840-845.

[66] 罗振,田丰,孙小平.炉膛声波飞行时间测量中声源信号的选取研究[J].计算机仿真,2007,1:329-332.

[67] 张世平,安连锁,李庚生,等.伪随机序列声源信号在电站锅炉声学测温中的应用[J].动力工程学报,2012,32(5):378-382.

[68] 李科,安连锁,沈国清,等.伪随机序列在声学测温中的应用研究[J].华北电力大学学报(自然科学版),2007,6:47-50+56.

[69] 袁文韬,杨仕海,刘东,等.自密实混凝土骨料级配优化研究[J].新型建筑材料,2021,48(10):70-74.

[70] 张天军,陈佳伟,包若羽,等.不同浸水时间级配破碎煤样的粒度分布分形特征[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2018,35(3):598-604.

[71] 张锦旺,王家臣,魏炜杰,等.块度级配对散体顶煤流动特性影响的试验研究[J].煤炭学报,2019,44(4):985-994.

[72] 邓军,屈高阳,任帅京,等.松散煤体中低频声波传声频率优选实验研究[J].煤矿安全,2022,53(1):15-23.

[73] 肖智勇,王长盛,王刚,等,于俊红.基质-裂隙相互作用对渗透率演化的影响：考虑基质变形和应力修正[J].岩土工程学报,2021,43(12):2209-2219.

[74] 刘玉冰,李星,邓博知,等.厚度效应对含瓦斯复合煤岩体力学特性及破坏形式的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2016,16(1):58-61.

[75] 蒋静宇,程远平,张硕.低阶煤孔隙结构定量表征及瓦斯吸附放散特性[J].煤炭学报,2021,46(10):3221-3233.

[76] Panneton, Raymond. Comments on the limp frame equivalent fluid model for porous media[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2007,122(6):217-222.

[77] 郝琦.煤的显微孔隙形态特征及其成因探讨[J].煤炭学报,1987(4):51-56+97-101.

[78] 周红生,喻强,张华,等.声学测温技术在燃煤炉膛温度场测量中的应用[J].声学技术,2009,28(6):752-756.

[79] 沈国清,张世平,安连锁,等.电站锅炉声学测温声源研究[J].电力科学与工程,2013,29(2):49-55.

[80] 罗振,孙小平,田丰.强噪声环境下声波信号时延估计方法的比较[J].沈阳航空工业学院学报,2005,2:45-48.

[81] 刘立云,田丰,李治壮,等.基于互相关技术的声波飞行时间测量系统的设计与实现[J].沈阳航空工业学院学报,2005,1:57-59.

[82] 刘竹琴.利用声速测量仪测量摩尔气体常量[J].实验室研究与探索,2018,37(5):31-33+53.

[83] 张克声,张向群.基于单频点声速的气体浓度检测方法[J].机械与电子,2021,39(10):19-22.

[84] 杨小宇. 电站锅炉声学测温系统声波飞渡时间测量方法研究[D].南京: 东南大学,2018.

[85] Tang Z, Zhai C, Li Y. The attenuation of ultrasonic waves in coal: the significance in increasing their propagation distance[J]. Natural Hazards, 2017,89(1):57-77

[86] Shields, Douglas F. Thermal Relaxation in Carbon Dioxide as a Function of Temperature[J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1957,29(4):450-454.

[87] 孙慧. 基于声学特性的多组分气体浓度检测机理及方法研究[D].哈尔滨: 哈尔滨理工大学,2021.

[88] 冯宇. 基于超声波的混合介质中套管探测研究[D].哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学,2013.

[89] Dukhin AS, Goetz PJ. Acoustic and electroacoustic spectroscopy for characterizing concentrated dispersions and emulsions[J]. Advances in Colloid & Interface Science,2001,92( 1–3):73-132.

[90] 暴雅婷,杨永赛,弓树宏.相干声波扰动蒸发波导引起的传播损耗变化[J].电波科学学报,2020,35(6):868-877.

[91] Dain Y, Lueptow RM. Acoustic attenuation in a three-gas mixture: Results[J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2016,110(6):2974-2979.

[92] 李烨明,谢代梁,胡鹤鸣,等.基于超声波衰减效应的悬移质粒径分布反演[J].水力发电学报,2020,39(1):21-30.

[93] 李继山,李和平,林祜亭.高速列车制动盘裂纹现状调查分析[J].铁道机车车辆,2005,6:3-5.

[94] Wei F, Ying C, Hp B, et al. Experimental study on underwater acoustic imaging of 2-D temperature distribution around hot springs on floor of Lake Qiezishan, China[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2010,34(8):1334-1345.

[95] 蔡峰,袁媛,刘泽功,等.超声波在煤矿井下环境中的传播与衰减特性[J].中国矿业大学学报,2021,50(4):685-690.

[96] 杨帆,李丽君.亥姆霍兹共振腔不同连接方式的传递损失与特性分析[J].现代制造工程,2018,5:31-37+88.

[97] 郭敏. 声信号在准多孔介质中的传播及害虫弱声信号特征分析[D].西安: 陕西师范大学,2003.

[98] 于水军,余明高,潘荣锟,等.煤升温氧化过程中气体解析规律研究[J].河南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,27(5):497-502.

[99] 郑学召,吴佩利,张嬿妮,等.气化灰渣凝胶制备及其对煤自燃阻化性能研究[J].煤矿安全,2022,53(1):24-30.

[100] 赵智丰. 基于超高功率集束声波的降水挖潜研究[D].西宁: 青海大学,2021.

[101] 鄢舒,王殊.多原子分子气体中声波弛豫衰减谱的重建算法[J].物理学报,2008,7:4282-4291.

[102] 胡晶,白正龙,王伟.浅谈伪随机序列在直接序列扩频通信中的应用[J].中国科技纵横,2013,13:1.

[103] 张广栋,李天骥,李雄兵,等.窄带脉冲信号测量横波衰减系数-频率曲线的方法[J].声学学报,2022,47(1):105-113.

[104] 袁东方,王硕仁,朱兵,等.多波束表层声速装置极地环境下应用案例分析[J].海洋技术学报,2021,40(4):16-22.

[105] Giacomo, P. Equation for the Determination of the Density of Moist Air (1981)[J]. Metrologia, 2005, 18(1):33-40.

[106] Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN. CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014[J]. Journal of Physical & Chemical Reference Data,2016,45(4):1795-1803.

[107] Tsilingiris PT. Thermophysical and transport properties of humid air at temperature range between 0 and 100°C[J]. Energy Conversion & Management,2008,49(5):1098-1110.

[108] Greenspan L. functional equations for the enhancement factors for CO2 -free moist air[J]. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards. Section A, Physics and Chemistry,1976,80(1):41-44.

[109] Hyland RW, Wexler A. Formulations for the thermodynamic properties of the saturated phase of H2O from 173.15K to 473.15K[J]. ASHRAE Transactions,1983,89(5):500-519.

[110] Hardy B. ITS-90 formulations for vapor pressure, frostpoint temperature, dewpoint temperature, and enhancement factors in the range -100 to +100℃[C].The Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Humidity & Moisture, Teddington, London, England,1998.

[111] 王月明,高松,陈波.不同热湿环境对超声波测量影响[J].传感器与微系统,2019,38(9):13-14+18.