在工业化进程不断加快的当下，水体环境质量持续恶化，研发环境友好型高效净水处理技术已成为当前亟待突破的环保课题。光催化技术凭借其环境友好性和可持续性优势，在降解有机污染物方面展现出巨大潜力。氧化锌（ZnO）因制备成本低廉且具有环境友好特性而备受关注，同时在光催化领域展现出显著活性优势。然而，ZnO在应用中仍面临光生载流子复合速率较快及可见光响应范围有限等不足，这在一定程度上制约了其实际应用潜力。作为一类新兴碳纳米材料，碳点（CDs）不仅展现出独特的光致发光特性，更兼具突出的生物安全性优势，其表面可修饰性特征为多元化应用提供了广阔空间。针对上述分析，本文以ZnO为基底，分别与1, 8-萘酰亚胺（NA）衍生CDs和铝基磷光CDs进行复合，通过调控复合材料的合成温度和采用不同的合成方法，拓宽ZnO纳米材料的可见光响应范围；同时增强光生电子-空穴对的分离效能与传输能力。成功制备出兼具优异光催化性能和良好循环稳定性的ZnO-CDs复合体系，主要研究结果如下：

（1）ZnO/NA衍生碳点复合材料的制备及其光催化性能研究。以NA为碳源、氯化锌（ZnCl₂）为锌源，采用一步煅烧法制备了ZnO-^NACDs复合材料，通过两步水热法制备了NA-CDs@ZnO。电子显微技术（SEM/TEM）结果表明ZnO-^NACDs-450的形貌由不规则的纳米颗粒组成。通过X射线衍射分析（XRD）、傅里叶红外变换光谱（FT-IR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）测定了复合材料的结构，结果表明CDs成功与ZnO复合。ZnO-^NACDs-450的氧空位占比最高。利用紫外-漫反射光谱（DRS）得到CDs有效的拓宽了ZnO-^NACDs在可见光的响应范围。通过荧光光谱（FL）、光电流曲线（It）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）发现CDs掺杂显著提高了光生载流子的分离及迁移效率，同时ZnO-^NACDs-450的光生载流子的分离和迁移效率总体来说高于ZnO和NA-CDs@ZnO，从而表现出更优异的光催化降解性能，紫外-可见光照射40 min后对RhB的降解率为95.6%。通过自由基捕获对照实验，证实了超氧自由基（·O₂^-）在ZnO-^NACDs-450光催化体系中的主导作用。循环稳定性实验表明，在光催化降解RhB的过程中，所制备的ZnO-^NACDs-450复合材料具有较好的循环使用稳定性。

（2）ZnO/Al基磷光碳点复合材料的制备及其光催化性能研究。以氯化铝（AlCl₃·6H₂O）和NA为原料，通过升温热解制备了室温磷光碳点CDs@Al₂O₃，然后分别采用一步煅烧法和分步水热法制备了ZnO-^AlCDs和^AlCDs@ZnO复合材料。XPS结果显示，^AlCDs@ZnO复合材料比ZnO和ZnO-^AlCD的氧空位占比更高。^AlCDs@ZnO复合材料具有比ZnO和ZnO-^AlCDs更优异的光催化降解性能，经可见光照射120 min后^AlCDs-550@ZnO对RhB的降解率可达94.9%，远高于ZnO的60.1%和ZnO-^AlCD-500的61.5%。FL、It和EIS结果表明光催化活性提高的原因是CDs@Al₂O₃的复合有效地促进了光生载流子的分离和迁移效率。活性物质的捕捉实验证实了^AlCDs-550@ZnO在光催化降解RhB过程中的主要活性物质还是·O₂^-。循环稳定性实验表明，在光催化降解RhB的过程中，所制备的^AlCDs-550@ZnO复合材料具有较好的循环使用稳定性。

With the rapid development of industrialization, the problem of water pollution has become increasingly serious, and the development of efficient and environmentally friendly water treatment technologies is urgently needed. Photocatalytic technology, as a green and sustainable advanced oxidation method, demonstrates great potential in degrading organic pollutants. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has attracted much attention due to its inexpensive preparation and environmentally friendly properties, and has shown significant activity advantages in photocatalysis. However, ZnO still faces shortcomings such as fast photogenerated carrier complexation rate and limited visible light response range, which to a certain extent restricts its practical application potential. As an emerging class of carbon nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) not only exhibit unique photoluminescent properties, but also have outstanding biosafety advantages, and their surface modifiability provides a broad space for diversified applications. Based on the aforementioned analysis, this study constructs composites using ZnO as the substrate combined with 1,8-naphthalimide (NA)-derived carbon dots and aluminum-based phosphorescent carbon dots, respectively. By controlling the synthesis temperature of the composites and employing different synthetic methods, the visible light response range of ZnO nanomaterials has been broadened, while the separation efficiency and transport capability of photogenerated electron-hole pairs have been enhanced. We have successfully prepared a ZnO-CDs composite system that exhibits both excellent photocatalytic performance and remarkable cycling stability. The main findings are as follows:

(1) Preparation of ZnO/NA-Derived Carbon Dots Composite and Its Photocatalytic Performance Study. Using NA as the carbon source and zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) as the zinc source, the ZnO-^NACDs composite was prepared via a one-step calcination method, while NA-CDs@ZnO was prepared via a two-step hydrothermal method. Electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) results revealed that the morphology of ZnO-^NACDs-450 consists of irregular nanoparticles. The structure of the composites was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirming the successful compositing of CDs with ZnO. ZnO-^NACDs-450 generated more oxygen vacancies. Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) showed that CDs effectively broadened the visible-light response range of ZnO-^NACDs. Fluorescence spectroscopy (FL), photocurrent response (It), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements demonstrated that CDs doping significantly enhanced the separation and migration efficiency of photogenerated carriers. Furthermore, the separation and migration efficiency of photogenerated carriers in ZnO-^NACDs-450 was generally higher than that in ZnO and NA-CDs@ZnO, leading to superior photocatalytic degradation performance. Under UV-vis light irradiation for 40 minutes, the degradation rate of Rhodamine B (RhB) reached 95.6%. Radical trapping experiments confirmed the dominant role of superoxide radicals (·O₂^-) in the ZnO-^NACDs-450 photocatalytic system. Cycling stability tests indicated that the prepared ZnO-^NACDs-450 composite exhibited good reusability and stability during the photocatalytic degradation of RhB.

(2) Preparation of ZnO/Al-Based Phosphorescent Carbon Dot Composites and Their Photocatalytic Properties. Using aluminum chloride (AlCl₃·6H₂O) and NA as raw materials, room-temperature phosphorescent carbon dots CDs@Al₂O₃ were prepared via pyrolysis under heating. Subsequently, ZnO-^AlCDs and ^AlCDs@ZnO composites were synthesized through one-step calcination and stepwise hydrothermal methods, respectively. XPS results revealed that the ^AlCDs@ZnO composite generated more oxygen vacancies compared to ZnO and ZnO-^AlCDs. The ^AlCDs@ZnO composite exhibited superior photocatalytic degradation performance over ZnO and ZnO-^AlCDs. After 120 minutes of visible-light irradiation, the degradation rate of RhB by ^AlCDs-550@ZnO reached 94.9%, significantly higher than those of ZnO (60.1%) and ZnO-^AlCD-500 (61.5%). FL, It, and EIS analyses indicated that the enhanced photocatalytic activity originated by CDs@Al₂O₃, which effectively promoted the separation and migration efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. Active species trapping experiments confirmed that ·O₂^- remained the primary active species in the photocatalytic degradation of RhB by ^AlCDs-550@ZnO. Cycling stability tests demonstrated excellent recyclability and stability of the ^AlCDs-550@ZnO composite during the photocatalytic degradation of RhB.

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