黄土高原地处黄河流域生态脆弱区，是我国煤炭主要产区，大规模地下采煤已引起严重的地面沉陷及损害，造成资源开发与环境保护之间的矛盾突出，成为影响国家能源安全和黄河流域生态文明建设的主要问题之一。开采引起的地表沉陷对土壤水分的扰动效应是驱动煤矿区生态环境演变的关键因素，研究和揭示开采沉陷对土壤水分扰动的时空特征与机理是开展矿区生态修复与治理环境的基础和前提。本文以黄土高原彬长矿区为例，研究煤矿开采区土壤水分变化的时空特征和机理。通过光学和雷达影像相结合改进现有的土壤水分遥感反演方法，开展黄土高原煤矿区土壤水分遥感反演；结合现场采样数据从矿区尺度和工作面尺度揭示开采区土壤水分变化的时空特征；利用连续监测数据分析开采区土壤水分变化的驱动因素，阐明土壤水分变化与开采沉陷变形之间的量化关系；进一步通过土体试验和物理模拟构建沉陷区地表裂缝土壤水分运移模型，初步揭示开采沉陷对于土壤水分变化的扰动机理。主要研究内容与结果如下：

    （1）结合光学和雷达影像提出了一种适用于黄土高原煤矿区土壤水分遥感反演的改进方法。考虑矿区开采沉陷对微地形和地表粗糙度的扰动影响，通过耦合地形校正模型（Terrain Correction，TC）和入射角校正模型（Incident Angle Correction，IACM），修正了地形起伏造成的雷达图像扭曲及入射角偏差问题，减弱了黄土高原矿区复杂地形对雷达后向散射的影响；利用随机森林算法结合水云模型（Water-Cloud Model，WCM）降低了植被散射对雷达信号的干扰；基于雷达后向散射和光学反射率模型提出了RBCM（Reflectance Backscatter Couple Model）土壤水分参数模型，结合粒子群优化算法，解决了对实测地表粗糙度的依赖。该方法反演的土壤水分在精度上优于目前常用的高级积分方程模型（Advanced Integrated Equation Model，AIEM）、OH和Dubois模型，适用于黄土高原复杂地形矿区土壤水分遥感定量反演。

  （2）结合现场采样和遥感反演研究了近10年煤矿开采区土壤水分时空分布特征和不同开采阶段土壤水分的变化特征。结果表明：研究区在近10年间土壤水分呈现出轻微下降趋势，下降率为0.0312m³m^-3/yr，其中开采区地表土壤水分下降速率最快且最显著，达到0.203 m³m^-3/yr。随着开采面积的逐年扩大，开采区与非开采区土壤水分差异逐渐变大。在工作面推进过程中，开采对土壤水分一直表现为负面影响，但在不同开采阶段影响程度不同。研究发现，地表沉陷对土壤水分的影响存在一定的时滞性，平均滞后时间大约为沉降发生后90天左右，开采活跃期和开采后期对土壤水分扰动尤为显著；在生态自然恢复作用下，开采结束后120天左右，开采活动对土壤水分的影响逐渐减小。随着地表沉陷逐渐稳定，土壤水分的恢复逐渐变缓，但难以达到开采前的状态。

  （3）通过连续监测数据分析揭示了开采区土壤水分时空变化规律。结果表明：受开采沉陷和采动裂缝的影响，开采区土壤水分呈现出不均匀分布，变异性相比于非开采区显著提高。在降雨充沛时期，开采扰动明显提高了土壤水分的入渗率，导致开采区土壤含水量显著高于非开采区；在非降雨或降雨较少时期，开采扰动提高了土壤水分的蒸发率，导致开采区土壤含水量明显低于非开采区；经验正交函数（Empirical Orthogonal Function，EOF）分析表明，自然强迫和人为活动共同主导了开采区土壤水分的变异性。EOF模式下的空间特征和EC模式下的时间特征均表明，季风降雨是影响开采区土壤水分空间格局分布的主导因素，该结果与土壤水分时空分布相吻合。在季节性降水影响下该区域土壤水分表现出季节性“干-湿-干”现象，但开采活动加剧了区域土壤水分变异性和不均匀分布，是影响土壤水分时间变异性的主要因素，导致“干-湿-干”现象加剧。

   （4）通过偏最小二乘结构方程模型（The Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Model，PLS-SEM）结合聚类分析和克里金插值分析了开采区土壤水分变化的主要驱动因素。在PLS-SEM中，气象因子和沉陷变形因子是影响开采区土壤水分变化的最主要因素。其中气象因子是土壤水分变化的主导因素，对土壤水分变化贡献率达到47.69%。沉陷变形因子是开采区土壤水分变化的关键因素，也是影响该区域土壤水分的唯一负向因素。其中，沉陷变形因子对土壤水分的直接影响占比85.49%，通过土壤-植被和土壤养分对土壤水分的间接影响仅占比14.51%。在沉陷变形因子中，地表下沉和水平移动值是对土壤水分变化影响最主要的关键指标。

   （5）在利用野外监测、扫描电镜试验、土壤特征曲线测定和物理模拟分析采煤沉陷区土体特性变化的基础上，通过构建地表裂缝扰动下土壤水分运移模型分析揭示了沉陷区地表裂缝对土壤水分的扰动机理。结果表明：开采裂缝导致土壤颗粒排列更加松散，片状骨架颗粒的粒径减小且更加不均匀，颗粒之间由线-线接触多转变为点-点和点-线接触形式。随着地表裂缝的发育，土壤中微小孔隙和小孔隙减少，大孔隙和特大孔隙明显增加。随着裂缝宽度的增加和裂缝间距的减少，导致土壤中毛管重力水增多，土壤持水能力减弱，造成水分散失量的增加；研究发现在土壤持水能力方面，微小型裂缝＞小型裂缝＞中型裂缝＞大型裂缝。同时，利用 Hydrus 模拟分析了不同裂缝尺度周围土壤水分入渗过程，初步揭示了开采裂缝引起的土壤水分运移规律。

    The Loess Plateau is located in the ecologically fragile area of the Yellow River basin and is the main coal-producing area in China. Large-scale underground coal mining has caused serious ground subsidence and damage, resulting in prominent contradictions between resource development and environmental protection. This has become one of the main difficulties affecting national energy security and the construction of ecological civilization in the Yellow River basin. The effect of mining subsidence on soil water disturbance is a key factor driving the evolution of the ecological environment in coal mining areas. Studying and revealing the temporal and spatial characteristics and mechanisms of soil water disturbance caused by mining subsidence are the basis and premise for ecological restoration and environmental management in mining areas. In this paper, a typical mining area covered by loess is as the study area. Firstly, this study enhances the existing soil moisture retrieval method by integrating optical and radar images, enabling the quantitative estimation of soil moisture through remote sensing in the coal mine area of the Loess Plateau. Secondly, the spatial-temporal characteristics of soil moisture change in mining area were revealed from mining area scale and working face scale based on remote sensing inversion method and field sampling data. Then, the driving factors of soil moisture change in mining area were analyzed by using field continuous monitoring data, and the quantitative relationship between soil moisture change and mining subsidence deformation was clarified. Finally, a model of soil water transport was established through scanning electron microscope and simulation tests to reveal the disturbance mechanism of soil moisture change caused by mining subsidence. The main research results are as follows:

    (1) An improved remote sensing retrieval method for soil moisture in coal mine area of Loess Plateau is proposed by combining optical and radar images. First, the radar image distortion and incident angle deviation caused by Terrain relief were corrected by coupling Terrain Correction (TC) and Incident Angle Correction (IACM) models, which weakens the influence of complex terrain on radar backscattering in loess mining area. Secondly, the effect of vegetation scattering on radar signals is reduced by using the random forest algorithm combined with the Water-Cloud Model (WCM). Finally, based on radar backscattering and optical reflectance model, a soil moisture parameter model called Reflectance Backscatter Couple Model (RBCM) was proposed, which combined with particle swarm optimization algorithm to remove the measured surface roughness parameters. The accuracy of soil moisture retrieval using this method surpasses that of the existing Advanced Integrated Equation Model (AIEM), OH, and Dubois model.

   (2) Combined with field sampling and remote sensing inversion, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of soil water in mining areas and the variation characteristics of soil water in different mining stages in recent 10 years were studied. The results showed that the soil moisture showed a slight decreasing trend in recent 10 years, with a decreasing rate of 0.0312 m³m^-3 /yr, and the decrease rate of surface soil moisture in the mining area was the fastest, reaching 0.203m³m^-3 /yr. With the expansion of mining area year by year, the difference of soil moisture between mining area and non-mining area is gradually increasing. Mining has a negative effect on soil moisture in the process of mining, but the degree of influence is different in different mining stages. It is found that there is a certain time lag in the effect of subsidence on soil moisture. The average time lag is about 90 days after the subsidence, and the disturbance of soil moisture is significant in the active period and later period of mining. Under the action of natural ecological restoration, the influence of mining activities on soil moisture gradually decreased about 120 days after the end of mining. With the gradual stability of surface, the recovery of soil water gradually slows down, but it is difficult to reach the state before mining.

    (3) The spatial-temporal variation of soil moisture in the mining area was revealed through the analysis of continuous monitoring data. The results show that the soil moisture in the mining area presents uneven distribution and the variability is significantly higher. In the rainfall period, mining disturbance obviously increased the infiltration rate, resulting in soil water content in mining area was higher than that in non-mining area. In the non-rainfall period, the mining disturbance increased the evaporation rate, resulting in the soil water content in the mining area was lower than that in the non-mining area. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) showed that natural forcing and anthropogenic activities jointly dominated the variability of soil water in the mining area. The EOF model and the EC model showed that rainfall was the dominant factor affecting the spatial pattern distribution of soil water in the mining area, which was consistent with the temporal and spatial distribution of soil water. Under the influence of seasonal precipitation, soil moisture showed a seasonal "dry-wet-dry" phenomenon, but mining activities intensified the variability of soil moisture, which was the main factor affecting the temporal variability of soil moisture, leading to the intensification of the "dry-wet-dry" phenomenon.

    (4) The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) combined with cluster analysis and Kriging interpolation were used to analyze the main driving factors of soil water change in the mining area. In PLS-SEM, meteorological factors and subsidence deformation factors are the most important factors affecting soil water change in mining area. The meteorological factor is the main factor of soil water change, and the contribution rate of soil water change reaches 47.69%. Subsidence deformation factor is the key factor of soil water change in mining area, and it is also the only negative factor affecting soil water in this area. The direct influence of subsidence and deformation factors on soil water accounted for 85.49%, while the indirect influence of soil-vegetation and soil nutrients on soil water accounted for only 14.51%. Among the subsidence deformation factors, surface subsidence and horizontal movement are the most important key indexes affecting soil water change.

    (5) On the basis of field monitoring, scanning electron microscopy test, soil characteristic curve determination and physical simulation analysis of soil property changes in coal mining subsidence area, the disturbance mechanism of soil water caused by surface fractures in subsidence area was revealed through the construction of soil water transport model. The results show that the distribution of soil particles is looser, the particle size of lamellar skeleton particles is less and more uneven, and the contact between particles changes from line-line contact to point-point contact and point-line contact. With the development of surface cracks, the small pores in soil decrease, and the large pores and large pores increase significantly. With the increase of crack width, capillary gravity water in soil increases, soil water holding capacity weakens, and water loss increases. It was found that in terms of soil water holding capacity, micro cracks > small cracks > medium cracks > large cracks. At the same time, the infiltration process of soil water around different fracture scales was analyzed by Hydrus simulation, and the soil water transport law caused by mining fractures was initially revealed.

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