目前商用的锂离子负极材料石墨其理论容量较低，已无法满足不断增长的商业需求。因此，研究大功率、高能量密度、循环稳定性良好、反应动力学快速的锂离子负极材料成为当前研究的热点问题。氧化镓作为过渡金属氧化物中的一种，是典型的半导体材料，已广泛应用于光电和电化学领域，其较高的理论容量使得氧化镓成为研究的热点领域。本论文系统的探索了不同碳材料包覆氧化镓纳米球结构，对其电化学性能进一步优化，以推进材料的进一步广泛应用。

本文探索了还原氧化石墨烯包覆氧化镓纳米球复合结构与电化学性能优化。通过机械搅拌和冷冻干燥构筑三维还原氧化石墨烯包覆氧化镓结构。还原氧化石墨烯包覆氧化镓复合电极相较于纯氧化镓，其初始库伦效率、比容量以及循环稳定性都有明显的改善。在大电流密度下进行长循环性能测试，其容量相较于纯的氧化镓来说得到显著提升。纳米球结构可以缩短锂离子的传输路径，还原氧化石墨烯作为导电骨架提供了大量的电子通道，促进电子的转移，并且还原氧化石墨烯纳米片包覆氧化镓可以抑制氧化镓的体积膨胀，有效增强其循环稳定性。

通过一步水热法构筑了MXene纳米片包覆氧化镓纳米球这种耦合更为紧密的界面键合结构，提升电导率与结构稳定性，探索了其界面键合状态与电化学性能的影响，进一步改善氧化镓导电性差，循环稳定性差的问题。Ga₂O₃@MXene负极的循环500圈后其容量保持率高达58.4%，由于溶剂热反应，Ga³⁺与MXene的集中端的-OH基团之间的形成共价键，为界面共价键Ti-O-Ga，这极大地阻止了MXene纳米片的重新堆积，有利于电子的传输。同时，MXene纳米片包覆层抑制了氧化镓的体积膨胀，相较于低耦合的包覆结构，键合界面的构筑使其结构稳定性进一步增强。

为了进一步提升氧化镓的初始库伦效率以及反应动力学，构筑自聚合紧密包覆氧化镓结构。盐酸多巴胺在碱性条件下，沿着氧化镓纳米球表面发生自聚合反应，经过退火处理得到Ga₂O₃@PDA-C自聚合结构。其初始库仑效率由41.66%提升为69.5%，高于Ga₂O₃电极的初始库仑效率。自聚合形成的均匀紧密包覆的碳涂层增强了复合结构的稳定性，提高了电导率，并且提升反应动力学，使得赝电容贡献增加。Ga₂O₃@PDA-C具有优良的循环稳定性，其独特的石榴状结构提供了良好的循环性能，超薄含氮碳层可以有效的提高电极材料的电化学性能。因为自聚合紧密包覆结构可以使得电极/电解质之间的接触面积增大，电子和离子的扩散路径缩短，有效的改善了氧化镓初始库伦效率低、比容量低与反应动力学差等问题。

The current commercial lithium ion anode material graphite with its low theoretical capacity can no longer meet the growing commercial demand. Therefore, the research of lithium-ion anode materials with high-power, high-energy density, good cycle stability and fast reaction kinetics has become a hot issue in current research. As one of the transition metal oxides, gallium oxide is a typical semiconductor material that has been widely used in optoelectronic and electrochemical fields, and its high theoretical capacity makes gallium oxide a hot area of research. In this thesis, the structure of gallium oxide nanospheres covered with different carbon materials is systematically explored to further optimize its electrochemical properties to promote the further wide application of this material.

This paper explores the optimization of the composite structure and electrochemical properties of reduced graphene oxide encapsulated gallium oxide nanospheres. The three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide covered gallium oxide structures were constructed by mechanical stirring and freeze-drying. The reduced graphene oxide encapsulated gallium oxide composite electrode shows significant improvements in initial Coulomb efficiency, specific capacity, multiplicative performance and cycling stability compared to pure gallium oxide. Long cycle performance tests at high current densities resulted in a capacity retention rate of 32.4%. The nanosphere structure can shorten the lithium-ion transport path, reduced graphene oxide as a conducting skeleton provides a large number of electron channels to facilitate electron transfer, and secondly reduced graphene oxide nanosheets encapsulated with gallium oxide can inhibit the volume expansion of the nanospheres, which in turn enhances their cycling stability.

In order to further improve the electrical conductivity and structural stability, I used MXene nanosheets to construct a more tightly coupled interfacial bonding structure by one-step hydrothermal hair, and explored the influence of its interfacial bonding state and electrochemical properties to further improve the poor electrical conductivity and cyclic stability of gallium oxide. The Ga₂O₃@MXene electrode has a capacity retention rate of 58.4 after 500 cycles. Due to the solvothermal reaction, the formation of covalent bonds between Ga³⁺ and the concentrated end-OH groups of MXene as interfacial covalent bonds Ti-O-Ga, which greatly prevented the re-stacking of MXene nanosheets and facilitated the electron transport. At the same time, the MXene nanosheet cladding layer inhibits the volume expansion of gallium oxide, and the construction obtained at the bonding interface further enhances its structural stability compared to the low-coupling cladding structure.

In order to further enhance the initial Coulomb efficiency as well as the reaction kinetics of Ga₂O₃, self-polymerized tightly packed Ga₂O₃ structures were constructed. Dopamine hydrochloride undergoes a self-polymerization reaction along the surface of gallium oxide nanospheres under alkaline conditions, and the Ga₂O₃@PDA-C self-polymerised structure is obtained after annealing treatment. Its initial coulombic coefficient was increased from 41.66% to 69.5%, which is higher than the initial coulombic efficiency of the Ga₂O₃ electrode. The homogeneous tightly packed carbon coating formed by the self-polymerization enhances the stability of the composite structure, improves the electrical conductivity and enhances the reaction kinetics, resulting in an increased pseudo-capacitance contribution. Ga₂O₃@PDA-C has excellent cycling stability, its unique garnet-like structure provides good cycling performance and the ultra-thin nitrogen-containing carbon layer can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode material. Because the self-polymerized tightly packed structure can make the contact area between electrode/electrolyte increased and the diffusion path of electrons and ions shortened, the problems of low initial Coulomb efficiency, low specific capacity and poor reaction kinetics of gallium oxide are effectively improved.

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