山地旅游景区因其独特的地形地貌，吸引了大量游客观光游览，但同时也是落石灾害的多发地。近年来，落石灾害已成为制约山地旅游景区安全发展的重要因素之一。因此，研究山地旅游景区落石灾害具有重要的价值和意义。本文以浙江省三门县蛇蟠岛山地旅游景区为工程背景，采用现场勘察、理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验相结合的方法开展研究，主要内容如下：

（1）通过现场勘察和资料收集，分别对山地旅游景区落石灾害的一般性影响因素和三个主要影响因素即古洞室群围岩严重扰动、相邻洞室公共墙体及岩石生物风化作用进行了分析。分析表明爆破和机械采石对古洞室群围岩产生严重动力扰动；凿去相邻洞室公共墙体引发局部岩体失稳；景区岩石产生生物风化作用的生物主要包括高等植物、苔藓、地衣和微生物四类。

（2）基于落石现场试验分析了落石的威胁区域。通过选取古洞室洞内顶板、古洞室洞内带顶洞口及洞口边坡三个易发生落石的典型场地，以五种不同形状和四种不同质量落石完成试验。对不同形状和质量落石的运动特征分析，结果表明落石运动过程中会进行弹跳、滚动和滑动运动；落石的一次运动中可发生多次弹跳运动；不同场地对落石运动影响较大。根据不同形状和不同质量的落石水平运动距离和弹跳运动高度的平均值和最大值，将落石水平威胁区域和竖直威胁区域划分为四个等级。

（3）基于RHRS风险评分方法建立了山地旅游景区落石灾害风险评估体系。根据地质灾害风险定义将落石灾害风险分为落石的可能性和落石的危害性。落石的可能性采用历史落石事件、危险块体稳定性系数和基于层次分析-模糊评判影响因素综合评价法三种方法评估，落石的危害性采用落石质量、下落高度及威胁区域等因素综合评估。基于量化总分数将落石灾害风险评估为五个等级。

（4）针对山地旅游景区落石灾害防治措施优先采取避让措施，无法避让时，再采取工程处理措施。工程处理措施优先采用遮挡措施、支顶措施和工程改造措施，再选择锚喷等其他工程措施。此外，可选取监测预警系统和安全管理的预防措施。

Mountainous tourist areas attract a large number of tourists because of its unique topography, but they are also a rockfall hazard-prone place. In recent years, rockfall hazards have become one of the important factors restricting the safe development of mountainous tourist areas. Therefore, the study of rockfall hazards in mountainous tourist areas is important and significant. The Shepan Island in Sanmen County, Zhejiang Province as the engineering background was searched. The field investigation, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field test are adopted to carry out research. The main results are as follows:

(1)Through field investigation and data collection, the general influencing factors and the three main influencing factors of rockfall hazards in mountainous tourist areas are analysed. The three main influencing factors include the severe disturbance of the surrounding rocks of ancient caverns, the common walls of adjacent caverns and the biological weathering of rocks  The analysis shows that blasting and mechanical quarrying have caused severe dynamic disturbances on the surrounding rocks of the ancient caverns. The removal of the common walls of the adjacent caverns will cause local rock mass instability. The biological weathering of rocks mainly includes four types of plant roots, mosses, lichens and microorganisms.

(2)Based on the rockfall field tests, the threatened area of rockfall is analysed. By selecting three typical sites of the roof of the ancient cavern, the roof of the cave entrance, and the slope of the cave entrance, the tests were completed with five different shapes and four different qualities of rocks. The motion characteristics of rockfall of different shapes and qualities are analysis , and the results show that bouncing, rolling and sliding motions occur in the process of falling rocks. There are multiple bouncing in one motion of rockfall. Different sites have a greater impact on rockfall motions. According to the average and maximum values of the horizontal movement distance and bounce movement height of falling rocks of different shapes and qualities, the horizontal threaten areas and the vertical threaten areas of rockfalls are divided into four levels.

(3)Based on the RHRS risk scoring method, a risk assessment system for rockfall hazards in mountainous tourist areas was established. According the definition of geological hazards risk, the risk of rockfall hazards is divided into the possibility of rockfall and the hazard of rockfall. The possibility of rockfall is assessed based on three methods: historical rockfall events, the stability coefficient of dangerous blocks, and the analytic hierarchy-fuzzy evaluation method. The hazard of rockfall is comprehensive assessed with factors such as rockfall quality, rockfall height and threatened area. The risk of rockfall hazards is assessed into five levels based on the quantitative total score.

(4)For the prevention and control measures of rockfall hazards in mountainous tourist areas, first, avoidance measures shall be taken, and then engineering measures shall be taken. In engineering treatment measures, first, sheltering measures, roof support measures and engineering renovation measures should be taken, and then other engineering measures such as bolting and spraying should be selected. In addition, monitoring and early warning systems and safety management preventive measures can be taken.

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