硅橡胶泡沫（SiFs）是由硅橡胶发泡所制备的一种多孔弹性材料，广泛应用于轨道交通、蓄电储能、航空航天等领域。然而，未经阻燃处理的SiFs火安全性较低，难以满足工程中日益增长的使用需求。植酸（PA）是一种从植物种子中提取的有机磷类化合物，近年来作为磷系阻燃剂被引入多种高分子材料，展现出了优异的阻燃效果。为进一步提升SiFs材料的阻燃抑烟性能，本研究制备了一系列植酸基阻燃剂，对阻燃剂的官能团、元素组成、晶体结构及微观结构进行了表征，并将其应用于SiFs材料。通过极限氧指数测试、水平垂直燃烧测试、烟密度测试以及锥形量热测试对植酸基阻燃剂/SiFs阻燃体系的阻燃抑烟性能进行了系统的研究分析。最后，揭示了复合材料的阻燃抑烟机理。主要取得了以下成果：

（1）合成了集P、N、Zn、Al等多种阻燃元素于一体的植酸基多元协效阻燃剂PA-MA-Zn@NH₂-MIL-53(Al)。首先，制备了三种植酸金属盐（PA-M），测试优选出了阻燃性能相对较好的植酸镍（PA-Ni）与抑烟性能较好的植酸锌（PA-Zn）。其次，利用磷酸基与氨基的配位反应，将三聚氰胺（MA）分别掺杂于PA-Ni和PA-Zn中，制备了磷-氮一体的协效阻燃剂PA-MA-Ni与PA-MA-Zn。其中，PA-MA-Zn中磷酸基与氨基的配位反应较PA-MA-Ni更加充分，且比PA-MA-Ni展现出了更强的阻燃抑烟性能。此外，通过溶剂热法制备了氨基金属有机框架NH₂-MIL-53(Al)。最后，以PA作为桥接分子，将优选出的PA-MA-Zn枝接于NH₂-MIL-53(Al)的表面，合成了PA-MA-Zn@NH₂- MIL-53(Al)。

（2）研究了植酸基多元协效阻燃剂对SiFs材料阻燃、抑烟以及力学性能的影响。实验表明，当添加相同量的阻燃剂时，PA-MA-Zn@NH₂-MIL-53(Al)的阻燃抑烟效果明显优于PA-Zn、PA-MA-Zn和NH₂-MIL-53(Al)。添加5 wt%的PA-MA-Zn@NH₂-MIL-53(Al)能够使SiFs的LOI提升至30.4%，阻燃等级提升到V-0级，SDR、MSD、PkHRR、THR、PkSPR、TSP和FGI分别降低至23.63、34.47%、107.46 kW/m²、74.99 MJ/m²、0.0108 m²/s、1.78 m²/m²和1.07，分别较纯SiFs降低了20.89%、30.56%、37.26%、40.23%、66.87%、83.862%和51.36%。

（3）揭示了PA-MA-Zn@NH₂-MIL-53(Al)/SiFs复合材料的阻燃抑烟机理。其中，金属有机框架NH₂-MIL-53(Al)中的有机成分为协效阻燃体系提供了碳源；PA起到了催化碳源脱水成炭的作用；Zn与Al形成的多孔金属氧化物能够稳固碳化层；MA可生成惰性气体稀释可燃物。在各组分协同作用下，SiFs的热稳定性显著提升，复合材料在燃烧过程中形成了致密的SiO₂堆积层与碳化层，两层固态屏障能够有效阻隔氧气与热量侵入材料基体，降低了材料的燃烧速率，抑制了烟气的释放。

Silicone rubber foam (SiFs) is a porous elastic material prepared by silicone rubber foaming, which is widely used in rail transit, power storage, aerospace and other fields. However, the fire safety of SiFs without flame retardant treatment is relatively low, making it difficult to meet the growing demand for use in engineering. Phytic acid (PA) is an organic phosphorus compound extracted from plant seeds. In recent years, it has been introduced as a phosphorus based flame retardant into various polymer materials, demonstrating excellent flame retardant effects. To further enhance the flame retardant and smoke suppressive properties of SiFs materials, a series of phytic acid based flame retardants were prepared in this study. The functional groups, elemental composition, crystal structure, and microstructure of the flame retardants were characterized and applied to SiFs materials. The flame retardant and smoke suppression performance of phytic acid based flame retardant/SiFs flame retardant system was systematically studied and analyzed through limit oxygen index testing, horizontal and vertical combustion testing, smoke density testing, and cone calorimetry testing. Finally, the flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of composite materials was revealed. The main achievements have been as follows：

(1) A phytic acid-based multi-component synergistic flame retardant PA-MA-Zn@NH₂- MIL-53(Al) was synthesized, which integrates multiple flame retardant elements such as P, N, Zn, and Al. Firstly, three phytic acid metal salts (PA-M) were prepared, and the flame retardant performance of phytic acid nickel (PA-Ni) and the smoke suppression performance of phytic acid zinc (PA-Zn) were tested and optimized. Secondly, using the coordination reaction between phosphate groups and amino groups, melamine (MA) was doped into PA-Ni and PA-Zn, respectively, to prepare the phosphorus-nitrogen integrated synergistic flame retardants PA-MA-Ni and PA-MA-Zn. Among them, the coordination reaction between phosphate groups and amino groups in PA-MA-Zn was more thorough than that in PA-MA-Ni, and it exhibited stronger flame retardant and smoke suppression performance than PA-MA-Ni. In addition, the amino metal organic framework NH₂-MIL-53(Al) was prepared by solvothermal method. Finally, using PA as a bridging molecule, the optimized PA-MA-Zn was grafted onto the surface of NH₂-MIL-53(Al), resulting in the synthesis of PA-MA-Zn@NH₂-MIL-53(Al).

(2) The effects of phytic acid-based multi-component synergistic flame retardants on the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of SiFs materials were investigated. The experiment showed that when the same amount of flame retardant was added, the flame retardant and smoke suppression effect of PA-MA-Zn@NH₂-MIL-53(Al) was significantly better than that of PA-Zn, PA-MA-Zn, and NH₂-MIL-53(Al). Adding 5 wt% of PA-MA-Zn@NH₂-MIL-53(Al) could increase the LOI of SiFs to 30.4%, and the flame retardant rating to V-0, with SDR, MSD, PkHRR, THR, PkSPR, TSP, and FGI reduced to 23.63, 34.47%, 107.46 kW/m², 74.99 MJ/m², 0.0108 m²/s, 1.78 m²/m², and 1.07, respectively, which were reduced by 20.89%, 30.56%, 37.26%, 40.23%, 66.87%, 83.862%, and 51.36% compared to pure SiFs.

(3) The flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of the PA-MA-Zn@NH₂- MIL-53(Al)/SiFs composite material was revealed. Among them, the organic components in the metal organic framework NH₂-MIL-53(Al) provide a carbon source for the synergistic flame retardant system; PA plays a role in catalyzing the dehydration of carbon sources into carbon; the porous metal oxide formed by Zn and Al can stabilize the carbonized layer; MA can generate inert gases to dilute combustible materials. Under the synergistic action of various components, the thermal stability of SiFs was significantly improved, and the composite material formed a dense SiO₂ accumulation layer and carbonized layer during combustion, which effectively blocked oxygen and heat from entering the material matrix, reducing the combustion rate of the material and inhibiting the release of smoke.

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