铜川矿区是陕西省重要的煤炭生产基地。由于采煤沉陷诱发的地质灾害频繁发生，导致矿区生态环境急剧恶化。采煤沉陷对生态环境的影响从可以接受到形成灾害是一个突变的过程，把这一过程称为采煤沉陷灾害。通过对铜川矿区地表生态环境现状调查，发现采煤沉陷造成的地表建（构）筑物破坏和具有区域供水意义的地下水资源流失是矿区最主要的两种采煤沉陷灾害类型。研究特定地质条件下的采煤沉陷特征，控制采煤沉陷灾害的发生，是保护矿区生态环境的有效途径。 因煤矿区构造环境不同，对于一些煤矿区实施较强的开采强度不会对矿区地质环境产生较大的破坏，而对于一些煤矿区实施较小的开采强度却可能会引起采煤沉陷灾害。因此，煤矿区构造环境决定了地质环境抵抗采煤沉陷扰动的能力。以不同煤矿区构造环境的差异性为切入点，分析了构造环境的特殊性及其对采煤沉陷灾害的影响。在充分考虑开采因素的基础上，采用现场调研、相似材料模拟、数值模拟试验、力学分析等手段，系统地研究了构造环境要素与采煤沉陷的量化关系。 根据煤矿区地层和构造特征，制定了构造环境分类的依据。在此基础上，将铜川矿区构造环境划分为深埋似连续介质型（A型）、深埋不连续介质型（B型）和浅埋不连续介质型（C型）三种类型。并重点研究了铜川矿区A型和B型构造环境下采煤沉陷发生、发展规律及其致灾机理。 依据构造环境特征，研究地表生态环境所能承受的最大损害程度与地下开采强度之间的关系，通过预报临界开采强度建立采煤沉陷灾害的预警模型。如果工作面长度大于临界开采强度，则会使地表建（构）筑物产生破坏，或者使导水裂隙带影响到具有区域供水意义的含水层，造成地下水流失，引发采煤沉陷灾害，从而实现了对研究区采煤沉陷灾害的预警。 采煤沉陷灾害预警模型的建立实现了变“损害后治理”为“损害前防范”的“绿色矿区”建设理念，可为保护煤矿区生态环境提供理论和技术支撑。

The mining area of Tongchuan is one important coal production base in Shaaxi province. Ecological environment is sharply deteriorated by the frequency of geological hazards induced by mining subsidence. The influence of mining subsidence on ecological environment is a mutation process which is a state from being accepted to not being accepted. The process is called mining subsidence disaster. According to the practical investigation on the surface ecological environment in Tongchuan coal area, there are two main types of disaster of mining subsidence: one is for the damage to surface buildings; the other for the damage to the key aquifers supplied with water regionally, resulting in the loss of water. So studying on the characters of mining subsidence in certain geologic condition and controlling the occurrence of mining subsidence disaster are effective approaches to protecting ecological environment of coal areas. Because tectonic settings are different in different coal areas, on some coal areas mining subsidence disaster can not be induced by the strong mining intensity, but on the other coal areas mining subsidence disaster can be caused by the weak mining intensity. The anti-disturbance capacity of geological environments on mining subsidence depends on tectonic settings of coal areas. In this article, the difference of tectonic settings in different coal areas is the starting point, the particularity of tectonic setting and its influence on mining subsidence disaster are analyzed. On the basis of careful consideration of mining factors, the quantization relation between mining subsidence and the factors of tectonic setting, which include structural medium, structural shape, structural fractures and structural stress, is studied systematically by using the methods of field research, similar material simulation, numerical simulation and mechanical analysis. According to the characters of layer and structure, the classification criterion of tectonic setting is determined, the tectonic setting in Tongchuan coal area is divided into three types: one for deep-buried and seem-continuum medium (type A); the other for deep-buried and discontinuous medium (type B); the last one for shallow-buried and discontinuous medium (type C). The law of the occurrence and development on mining subsidence and the mechanism of disaster are mainly researched by using type A and type B of Tongchuan coal area. On the basis of characters of tectonic setting, the relation between the max damage degree which can be endured by surface ecological environments and mining intensity of underground mining is studied, and then early-warning model is set up by forecasting critical mining intensity. If the length of working face is greater than the intensity of critical mining, the surface buildings will be damaged, or the aquifers which can supply with water regionally can be influenced by water-conducting crack zone, resulting in the loss of underground water. In the end, the disaster of mining subsidence is induced. According to the above, we can achieve the purpose of early-warning of mining subsidence in study areas of coal mine. By using the early-warning model of mining subsidence disaster, the “green coal areas” idea of the construction, is achieved, that is to say ,“the protection before damage” idea instead of “the control after damage” one , and the new theoretical and technical support is provided for protecting the ecological environment of coal area.