本文以煤炭资源开发对地质环境的破坏和影响最小化为目标，结合陕西境内主要煤矿区的地质条件和开采实际，通过理论及力学分析、计算机数值试验、相似材料模拟等手段，结合以往研究成果，从地质的角度探索了煤层覆岩的综合硬度、关键层位置、地下水以及构造界面、构造应力对煤矿区地质环境承载能力的控制机理，进一步完善了“构造控灾”理论体系。 坚硬覆岩具有较强的抗扰动能力，在同样强度的开采扰动下，采煤沉陷相对较弱；松散层在覆岩中所占比例愈大，覆岩的综合硬度愈小，同时煤层顶板岩层受到的重力愈大，因而采煤沉陷愈容易发生；关键层对于提高覆岩抗扰动能力有十分重要的作用，关键层愈厚、硬度愈大、层数愈多，则覆岩综合硬度愈大、强度愈高、抗扰动能力愈强，尤其在一定的开采强度下,位于覆岩上部的关键层，对采煤沉陷有明显遏制作用。 地下水对覆岩有软化、增重和应力效应，因而能降低岩石的力学强度，改变覆岩中的应力分布状态，对开采沉陷起到明显的促进作用。开采沉陷对地下水系统具有改造作用，如果潜水下的隔水层未遭到破坏，而在采动覆岩中形成弯曲下沉带，则开采沉陷一般不会造成浅层水资源流失，但往往会导致生态环境的改变，使地下水变为地表水，原来的耕地变为水域。如果潜水下的隔水层遭到破坏，导水裂隙带与上覆含水层沟通时，则含水层中的水会沿采动裂隙流向采空区，不仅导致水资源流失，而且易引发井下水害。 由于构造界面是存在于煤层覆岩中的软弱面或“缺陷”，破坏了岩层的连续性，降低了岩层的强度，容易引起应力集中，因而有利于采煤沉陷的发生与发展。小断层与节理发育的似连续介质在受到地下开采活动的扰动后，更容易发生采煤沉陷，有大断层发育的非连续介质，不仅在地表出现开裂或塌陷，而且塌陷盆地呈不对称特征。 挤压与拉张是煤矿区常见的两种应力状态，其对采煤沉陷的控制作用不可忽略。在以拉张变形为特色的伸展构造区，采煤沉陷相对比较强烈；而当煤矿区处于挤压构造应力状态时，岩体的力学强度会显著增强，采煤沉陷相对较弱，或表现滞后。

Aiming for a decrease in destruction of geological environment induced by coal mining,Theoretical system of “tectonic control of hazard”have perfected in this thesis, based on the research of the control mechanism of comprehensive hardness of the cover rocks ,the position of key stratum, groudwater , fractures and tectonic stress over ground environment hazards by means of theoretical analysis and mechanics,digital testing and similar material simulation in allusion to concrete condition of geological and underground mining in typical coal mining areas of Shaanxi. Under the minnig of the same intensity, coal-mining-induced subsidence is relatively weaker because hard cover rocks have stronger ability to resist deformation; The larger proportion in cover of loose ground is, the smaller synthetical hardness of cover rocks is, at the same time gravity of above coal seam is heavier, coal-mining-induced subsidence is easy to occur; The key stratum plays an important role on improving the ability to resist deformation of cover rocks. The more thicker ,harder key stratum is ,the more harder synthetical hardness is, the more higher intensity and stronger ability to resist deformation of cover is . The key stratum located upper position in the cover might clearly restrict the ground subsidence under certain mining intensity. Underground water can evidently facilitate coal-mining-induced subsidence because that it may intenerate the cover of worked coal seam, increase the cover’s weight and change the stress in the cover with the results of reducing rock’s mechanical strength and remodeling stress state in the cover. Coal-mining-induced subsidence may change underground water system.Water-resisting layer located under position in the phreatic water is not destroyed, but bending zone is formed by underground mining ,coal-mining-induced subsidence can’t cause shallow groundwater resource loss, which can change the ecological environment, making groundwater turn into the surface water. Water-resisting layer located under position in the phreatic water is destroyed, and water flowing fractured zone communicates with aquifer,water of aquifer will along cranny flow into goaf, which not only causes the water resource loss but also leads to water hazard of mine. Fractures ,which have destroyed continuity of terrane and reduced the intensity of rocks and brought out the stress focusing on the interfaces , are the geological discontinuity surface within strata. Therefore, coal-mining-induced subsidence is easy to develop. Coal mining-induced subsidence occurs and develops more easily in the cover of worked coal seam in which exist large numbers of small faults and joints.There are great faults in cover , called non- continuous medium, not only the surface forms fracture or collapse, but also characteristics of collapse basin present asymmetric. Compression and tension are the most essential tectonic stress states in coal areas. They can't be neglect in controling function of coal-mining-induced subsidence. Coal mining-induced subsidence occurs and develops more easily in regional tensile stress. On the other way, the intensity of rocks will be strengthened in the regional compression stress. Therefore coal-mining-induced subsidence is reduced or lag in a compressive stress field.