具有坚硬巨厚顶板、大埋深、厚煤层的采场，其覆岩结构及运动是矿井动载矿压事故的重要影响因素。巨厚砾岩层作为一种特殊的含煤地层结构，由于其结构和力学等特殊性质，使得随着工作面煤层开挖，巨厚砾岩的破断前后支承压力分规律与一般开采环境存在一定的差异性。支承压力往往是采场围岩灾害的主要动力来源，研究巨厚砾岩下采场支承压力分布规律具有重要意义。 本文以千秋煤矿巨厚砾岩层地质条件为基础，通过建立适合的支承压力力学模型并对巨厚砾岩层下采场周围支承压力分布规律进行数值计算，同时对光纤在外载荷作用下频移分布规律进行了探究试验，为分布式光纤应用于模型试验煤层底板支承压力测试奠定基础，其次搭建三维模型试验平台，研究采场周围煤岩体支承压力分布规律，并首次提出了分布式传感光纤支承压力测试系统。 研究表明，根据关键层理论和关键层破断前后载荷转移特点建立的理论模型，得出倾向支承压力峰值约38 MPa，峰值到煤壁距离约95 m，影响范围约200 m，走向支承压力峰值约51 MPa，峰值到煤壁距离约100 m，影响范围约210 m；通过FLAC3D数值模拟，得出巨厚砾岩层下采场周围走向和倾向支承压力分布规律及塑性区分布特征；对传感光纤进行了标定试验，结果表明外载荷和光纤布里渊频移呈较好的线性关系，拟合系数达到0.952，并首次提出了模型试验传感光纤支承压力测试系统；三维物理相似模型实验中，巨厚砾岩层初次破断和周期破断都伴随着工作面强烈的压力显现，其中下组巨厚砾岩破坏初次破坏距离384m，下组砾岩周期破断距离约为117.3 m，上组砾岩层初次破断距离约为576 m，上组砾岩层周期破断距离约为208 m，下组砾岩层破断是采场周围动力灾害的主要动力来源；分布式光纤支承压力测试系统能够用于模型试验中表征支承压力的变化规律，与压力传感器相比有良好的对应关系，且光纤测试具有高精度、抗干扰能力强等电式传感器不具备的优点，为模型实验支承压力测试提供新思路。

The structure and movement of the strata with hard and thick roof, large burial depth and thick coal seam are the important influencing factors of mine dynamic load. The super thick conglomerate layers are widely distributed in the geology of the field in Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui and Shandong as special structures. Due to the special properties of the structure and mechanics of the super thick conglomerate layers, there are some differences in the law of abutment pressure between the coal seam excavation and the super thick conglomerates before and after the breakage. Among them, the dynamic change of abutment pressure around the working face is often the main source of power for the surrounding rock disaster, and it is very important to study the distribution law of the abutment pressure under the super thick conglomerate. Based on the geological conditions of the super thick conglomerate in the Qianqiu coal mine, this paper establishes a suitable abutment pressure mechanics model and simulates the influencing factors and distribution law of the abutment pressure under the super thickened conglomerate. At the same time, the optical fiber is shifted under external load ,and the distribution law is analyzed, and the distributed fiber is used to lay the foundation for the test of the abutment pressur under the coalbed floor. Secondly, the three-dimensional test model is set up to study the distribution law of the abutment pressure of the coal and rock mass around the working face, and the distribute fiber sensing results of the test are compared with the traditional floor pressure sensors, and the results provide that the basis for improving the support state of excavation space and optimizing the advance support of roadway. The results show that according to the theory of key stratum and the key layer breaking load transfer characteristics before and after establishing the theory model, concluded that tend to abutment pressure peak value is 38 MPa, peak to the coal wall distance is about 95 m, affect the range of about 200 m, towards the abutment pressure peak value of 51 MPa, peak to the coal wall distance is about 100 m, influence range is about 210 m; Based on the FLAC3D numerical simulation, the distribution of the pressure and the tendency of the pressure distribution and the characteristics of the distribution of the pressure distribution and the trend of the pressure distribution are obtained by using the FLAC3D numerical simulation. The sensing optical fiber, the calibration experiment results show that the load and fiber brillouin frequency shift had good linear relationship, fitting coefficient is 0.952, and put forward the model test for the first time sensing fiber bearing pressure test system; Similar three-dimensional physical model experiment, the thick conglomerate layer broken first and periodic breakage have been accompanied by face strong pressure, which the thick conglomerate damage under the group first destroy the distance is 384 m, the group conglomerate cycle breaking distance of about 117.3 m, the first group conglomerate layer breaking distance is about 576 m, the group conglomerate layer cycle breaking distance is about 208 m, the group conglomerate layer fracture is the main power source stope surrounding power disaster; Distributed optical fiber abutment pressure test system can be used to characterize the change rule of abutment pressure in model test, have a good corresponding relationship with the traditional test, and optical fiber has high precision, strong anti-interference ability and so on electric sensor do not have advantage, provide new ideas for model experiment stope support pressure test.