超级电容器是一种重要的储能设备，具有充放电速率快、储能特性优异等优点，广泛应用于电动汽车、便携电子、备用电源以及军用设备等领域。碳材料是一类应用最广的超级电容器电极材料。酚醛树脂是制备高纯度碳的理想前体材料，目前酚醛碳气凝胶合成通常采用间苯二酚单体合成湿凝胶，经超临界干燥或冷冻干燥技术干燥、碳化，其成本较高、周期长、设备昂贵。本论文在现有研究的基础上，主要研究一种合成过程简单、成本低廉、电化学性能良好的酚醛树脂基碳气凝胶材料的制备方法。通过对水热合成条件的优化，制备电化学性能良好的苯酚-甲醛（PF）碳气凝胶，在此基础上，通过氧化石墨烯（GO）复合和氮掺杂，进一步提升酚醛树脂碳气凝胶的电化学性能。论文的主要研究内容和结论如下：

（1）采用简单的水热和常压干燥成功合成了酚醛树脂气凝胶块体，经碳化制备了PF碳气凝胶。结果表明，PF碳气凝胶微观形貌为球状颗粒，其连接组成“珠链”三维网络结构，球颗粒之间有一定的交联。当盐酸催化剂体积分数为9.1%、固含量为20%、以乙醇为溶剂制备的PF碳气凝胶电化学性能最优，5 mV s^-1扫速下的比电容为138.33 F g^-1。该方法合成过程简单、成本低廉，制备的PF碳气凝胶具有良好的电化学性能。

（2）以GO为模板，三聚氰胺（M）为氮源，制备了GO复合和氮掺杂的酚醛/氧化石墨烯气凝胶（PF/GO）和三聚氰胺/酚醛/氧化石墨烯气凝胶（PMF/GO）碳气凝胶。结果表明，碳气凝胶的形貌由PF的微球状变成PF/GO的片层网络结构，酚醛树脂聚合到GO模板表面形成片层结构，其厚度随着GO添加量的增加而降低。PF/GO的比电容达150 F g^-1，较PF碳气凝胶提升了8.4%。氮掺杂的PMF/GO碳气凝胶比电容为216 F g^-1，较PF提升了56%，但氮掺杂量较低。

（3）以二氰二胺（DCD）和3-氨基苯酚（MA）为氮源，GO为模板，制备了氮掺杂量更高的3-氨基苯酚/二氰二胺/酚醛/氧化石墨烯气凝胶（PMAF/GO/DCD）碳气凝胶。结果表明，PMAF/GO/DCD碳气凝胶的氮含量高达1.23%，是PMF/GO的61.5倍。PMAF/GO/DCD的比电容为266.43 F g^-1，是PMF/GO 1.23倍，稳定的氮掺杂和GO复合的协同作用使得PMAF/GO/DCD碳气凝胶具有良好的电化学性能。

Supercapacitors are an important energy storage device with the advantages of fast charging and discharging rates and excellent energy storage characteristics. They are widely used in electric vehicles, portable electronics, backup power supplies and military equipment. Carbon materials are one of the most widely used electrode materials for supercapacitors. Phenolic resin is an ideal precursor material for the preparation of high purity carbon. At present, phenolic carbon aerogel is usually synthesized by resorcinol monomer wet gel, which is dried and carbonized by supercritical drying or freeze-drying technology. It has high cost, long cycle and expensive equipment. On the basis of the existing research, this thesis mainly focuses on a method for the preparation of phenolic resin-based carbon aerogel material with simple synthesis process, low cost and good electrochemical performance. By optimizing the hydrothermal synthesis conditions, PF carbon aerogels with good electrochemical properties were prepared. On this basis, the electrochemical properties of phenolic resin carbon aerogels were further improved by GO compounding and nitrogen doping. The main research contents and conclusions of the thesis are as follows:

(1) Phenolic resin aerogel blocks were successfully synthesized by simple hydrothermal and atmospheric drying, and PF carbon aerogels were prepared by carbonization. The results show that the microscopic morphology of PF carbon aerogel is spherical particles, which are connected to form a "bead chain" three-dimensional network structure. There are certain cross-links between the spherical particles. With the hydrochloric acid catalyst volume fraction of 9.1% and the solid content of 20%, the PF carbon aerogel prepared in ethanol solvent has the best electrochemical performance, and the specific capacitance at a scan rate of 5 mV s^-1 is 138.33 F g^-1. The method has simple synthesis process and low cost, and the prepared PF carbon aerogel has good electrochemical performance.  

(2) By using GO as template and melamine as nitrogen source, GO composite and nitrogen-doped PF/GO and PMF/GO carbon aerogels were prepared. The results show that the morphology of the carbon aerogel changed from the microsphere of PF to the lamellar network structure of PF/GO. The phenolic resin polymerized onto the surface of the GO template to form a lamellar structure, and its thickness decreased with the increase of GO addition. The specific capacitance of PF/GO reaches 150 F g^-1, which is 8.4% higher than that of PF carbon aerogel. The specific capacitance of nitrogen-doped PMF/GO carbon aerogel is 216 F g^-1, which is 56% higher than that of PF. But the nitrogen doping content is lower.

(3) By using dicyandiamide and 3-aminophenol as nitrogen sources and GO as template, PMAF/GO/DCD carbon aerogels with higher nitrogen doping were prepared. The results show that the nitrogen content of PMAF/GO/DCD carbon aerogel is as high as 1.23%, which is 61.5 times that of PMF/GO. The specific capacitance of PMAF/GO/DCD is 266.43 F g^-1, which is 1.23 times higher than that of PMF/GO. The synergistic effect of stable nitrogen doping and GO recombination enables PMAF/GO/DCD carbon aerogels to have good electrochemical performance.

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