黄土-红粘土“异质界面”滑坡是我国黄土高原地区常见的地质灾害之一，其致灾机制复杂，且受到多重因素的影响。为了深入分析黄土-红粘土复合型滑坡的致灾机理，精准评估水盐作用、季节性冻融对坡体滑带面的影响，本文以研究区典型滑坡滑移带黄土、红粘土为研究对象，通过测定两类土的天然含水率、液塑限、粒度、密度及矿物类型等基本物参数，来研究滑带面土壤在不同含水率、硫酸钠盐含量及测试频率下电阻率的响应规律。此外，实时测试了黄土-红粘土重塑样直剪过程的声发射特征参数变化规律，研究了不同含水率、含盐量条件下，振铃计数、累积振铃计数、能量信号、累积能量信号、上升时间等参数随直剪试验应力-应变曲线的变化规律，分析了黄土、红粘土的微观孔隙结构及分形维数变化。之后，结合研究区的气温变化、年降雨量等现场实际参数，建立了原滑坡相似边界条件的物理几何模型。通过测量降雨、冰冻后土体导电性、超声波传播速度等参数来表征模型滑坡风险，并对于坡体异质界面滑带土滞水、界面冻结损伤劣化、滑坡滑移机理进行了分析。研究成果如下：

（1）滑移带土壤的电阻率受含水率、硫酸钠浓度的影响。随着土样含水率和硫酸钠浓度的上升，电阻率呈下降趋势。含水率是影响电阻率变化的主要因素，硫酸钠通过影响孔隙水的离子含量来影响电阻率。测试频率直接影响电阻率的变化。高频让双电层形变更利于土壤导电；低频条件下，受电极极化影响，土样电阻率升高。高硫酸钠浓度可以影响电极极化的发生。归一化电阻率数据拟合表明，土样电阻率与测试频率之间存在幂指数关系。

（2）含水率、硫酸钠浓度对黄土-红粘土样纵波波速有显著影响，含水率在17-20 %时，冻融温度与波速增量呈负相关。硫酸钠浓度在1-2 %时，冻融温度与波速增量呈正相关。剪切裂纹扩展发育阶段会出现大量的声发射振铃计数及能量计数。硫酸钠盐的增加会显著影响声发射振铃计数及能量计数的分布，低盐浓度（0-0.5 %）数据信号集中在100-200 s，高盐浓度（1-2 %）数据信号演化为多阶段分散型。声发射特征参数RA值的范围在0-1800 ms·V^-1之间，20%含水率时，会出现较高的剪切能信号。直剪试验的含水率与粘聚力、内摩擦角均呈负相关，随着含水率的增大，粘聚力呈线性减少，内摩擦角呈非线性减少。粘聚力的变化范围为28.99-72.25 kPa，内摩擦角的变化范围为23.32-35.34°。

（3）多次冻结后，随着含水率的增加，黄土-红粘土含水孔隙占比变化：大孔占比基本保持不变，中孔的孔隙占比先增加后减小，小孔的孔隙占比先减小后增加。黄土、红粘土的吸附等温线均呈现反“S”型，属于IUPAC分类中的Ⅳ（a）介孔类吸附等温线，脱附有迟滞行为，存在明显的滞后环。黄土属于H₃类滞后环回线，S₃平行裂隙孔发育，红粘土属于H₄类滞后环回线，微孔、介孔发育。红粘土的孔隙复杂程度更高，楔状孔、墨水瓶状孔更多。黄土的孔隙结构主要以中孔为主，大孔次之，红粘土的孔隙结构主要以中孔、小孔为主。

（4）界面滑坡变形主要经历三个阶段，分别为水分入渗阶段、局部破坏阶段和整体破坏阶段。试验结果与研究区现场实际滑坡模式相同。随着冰冻、降雨次数的增加，波速不断增大，土体下滑后，波速值趋于稳定；滑坡到达临滑点时，电阻率与阻抗出现极小值，电容出现极大值。斜坡滑移破坏的本质为重力作用下沿着滑带面的剪切变形破坏，其破坏模式主要与土颗粒的排列方式与接触面的摩擦性有关；黄土-红粘土样的剪切过程会释放能量信号，根据能量信号变化的差异性可以将直剪滑坡模型划分为三种类型：界面滑移型、粘附滑移型、阻滞型。

Loess-red clay "heterogeneous interface" landslides are one of the common geological hazards in the Loess Plateau region of China, and their disaster-causing mechanisms are complex and affected by multiple factors. In order to deeply analyse the disaster-causing mechanism of loess-red clay composite landslides, and accurately assess the effects of water-salt action and seasonal freezing and thawing on the slip zone surface of slopes, this paper takes loess and red clay in the slip zones of typical landslides in the study area as the research objects, and studies the response patterns of resistivity of the slip zone surface soils under different water content, sodium sulfate salt content and test frequency by determining the basic physical parameters of the two types of soils, such as the natural water content, liquid-plasticity limit, grain size, density, and mineral type. resistivity at different water content, sodium sulphate salt content and test frequency. In addition, the variation rules of the acoustic emission characteristics of the straight shear process of loess-red clay remoulding samples were tested in real time, and the variation rules of the ring counts, cumulative ring counts, energy signals, cumulative energy signals, and rise times of the parameters with the stress-strain curves of the straight shear tests were investigated under different water content and salt content, and the changes in the microscopic pore structures and fractal dimensions of the loess and the red clay were analysed. After that, the physical-geometrical model with similar boundary conditions of the original landslide was established by combining the actual field parameters such as temperature change and annual rainfall in the study area. The model landslide risk was characterised by measuring parameters such as rainfall, soil conductivity after freezing, ultrasonic propagation velocity, etc., and analyses were carried out for the water stagnation of soil in the slip zone of the heterogeneous interface of the slope, the deterioration of the freezing damage at the interface, and the mechanism of landslide slippage. The research results are as follows:

(1) The resistivity of slip zone soil is affected by water content and sodium sulfate concentration. With the increase of water content and sodium sulfate concentration of soil samples, the resistivity showed a decreasing trend. Water content is the main factor affecting the change of resistivity, and sodium sulfate affects resistivity by affecting the ionic content of pore water. The test frequency directly affects the change in resistivity. High frequency makes the change of bilayer shape favourable to soil conductivity; under low frequency conditions, the resistivity of soil samples increases under the influence of electrode polarisation. High sodium sulphate concentration can affect the occurrence of electrode polarisation. Normalised resistivity data fitting showed a power exponential relationship between soil sample resistivity and test frequency.

(2) Water content and sodium sulphate concentration have a significant effect on the longitudinal wave velocity of loess-red clay samples, with a negative correlation between freezing and thawing temperatures and the increment of wave velocity for water content in the range of 17-20 %. At 17-20 % water content, the freeze-thaw temperature and wave velocity increment were negatively correlated. At 1-2 % sodium sulphate concentration, the freeze-thaw temperature and wave velocity increment were positively correlated. A large number of acoustic emission ringing counts and energy counts occur during the developmental stage of shear crack extension. The increase of sodium sulfate significantly affects the distribution of the acoustic emission ringing counts and energy counts, with the data signals concentrated at 100-200 s for low salt concentrations (0-0.5 %) and evolving into a multi-stage dispersion pattern for high salt concentrations (1-2 %). The values of the characteristic acoustic emission parameter RA ranged from 0-1800 ms·V^-1, with higher shear energy signals occurring at 20 % water content. The water content of the straight shear test was negatively correlated with both the cohesive force and the internal friction angle, which decreased linearly with increasing water content, and the internal friction angle decreased nonlinearly. The variation range of cohesion was 28.99-72.25 kPa, and the variation range of internal friction angle was 23.32-35.34°.

(3) After multiple freezing, with the increase of water content, the percentage of water-containing pores of loess-red clay changes: the percentage of large pores remains basically unchanged, the percentage of pores in medium pores increases and then decreases, and the percentage of pores in small pores decreases and then increases. The adsorption isotherms of loess and red clay all show the inverse "S" shape, which belongs to the adsorption isotherm of IV (a) mesoporous class in IUPAC classification, with hysteresis behaviour and obvious hysteresis loop. The loess belongs to the H₃ type of hysteresis loop with S₃ parallel fracture pore development, and the red clay belongs to the H₄ type of hysteresis loop with microporous and mesoporous development. The pore complexity of the red clay is higher, with more wedge pores and ink-bottle pores. The pore structure of loess is mainly dominated by mesopores, followed by macropores, and the pore structure of red clay is mainly dominated by mesopores and small pores.

(4) The deformation of interface landslides mainly goes through three stages, which are water infiltration stage, local destruction stage and overall destruction stage. The experimental results are the same as the actual landslide pattern at the site in the study area. With the increase in the number of freezing and rainfall, the wave velocity increases, and after the soil body slides down, the wave velocity value tends to stabilise; when the landslide reaches the critical slip point, the resistivity and impedance appear very small values, and the capacitance appears very large values. The nature of slope slip damage is shear deformation damage along the slip belt surface under the action of gravity, and its damage mode is mainly related to the arrangement of soil particles and the friction of the contact surface; the shear process of loess-red clay samples releases energy signals, and according to the variability of the energy signals changes, the straight-shear landslide model can be classified into three types: interfacial slip type, adherent slip type, and hysteretic type.

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