硅橡胶泡沫引燃后，会持续燃烧并释放大量热量和烟气，限制了其在尖端领域的应用。针对硅橡胶泡沫阻燃存在的阻燃效率低、相容性差、成炭率不足等问题。本文以绿色、环保、经济的可膨胀石墨（EG）为载体，结合硅橡胶泡沫的结构特征，采用化学接枝技术、包覆技术和自组装技术从分子、纳米和微米尺度构建了三种EG 阻燃体系，并应用于阻燃硅橡胶泡沫，分析对比了三种EG 阻燃体系对硅橡胶泡沫物理性能、力学性能、阻燃抑烟性能的影响，并揭示了EG 重构阻燃体系阻燃抑烟机理。该研究对改进EG阻燃体系并开发新型阻燃硅橡胶泡沫材料具有重要理论和现实意义。本文主要研究成果如下：

（1）以EG为载体，六氯环三磷腈（HCCT）、碳纤维（CF）、埃洛石（HNTs）和壳聚糖（CTS）为重构组分，分别采用化学接枝法、包覆法和自组装法制备了EG-g-HCCT、CF@A-171和HNTs@CTS，通过扫描电镜（SEM）、综合热分析（TG）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）和X射线衍射（XRD）等对重构产物进行了表征。然后将重构产物与EG 复配获得了EG-g-HCCT、EG/CF@A-171和EG/HNTs@CTS三种EG阻燃体系，通过膨胀倍率评价，EG-g-HCCT阻燃体系有助于提升膨胀倍率，EG/CF@A-171和EG/HNTs@CTS阻燃体系对膨胀倍率具有抑制作用。

（2）将EG、EG-g-HCCT、EG/CF@A-171 和EG/HNTs@CTS应用于硅橡胶泡沫体系，制备了阻燃硅橡胶泡沫，研究了硅橡胶泡沫的燃烧性能和阻燃抑烟性能。极限氧指数（LOI）、垂直燃烧测定仪和锥型量热仪测试表明，EG/HNTs@CTS阻燃效果最佳，其次是EG-g-HCCT、EG/CF@A-171和EG。当EG/HNTs@CTS配比为EG10wt%+HNTs@CTS5wt%时，LOI为35.7%，阻燃等级达到V0级。点火时间（TTI）有所降低为61s，热释放速率峰值（PHRR）、总热释放量（THR）、产烟速率（SPR）峰值、总产烟率（TSP）、CO产率和CO₂产率分别为20.40KW/m²、19.6MJ/m²、0.020m²/s、9.3 m²/m²、0.003%和0.087%，与空白试样相比下降70.51%、45.32%、47.37%、44.97%、50.00%和59.72%。

（3）研究了EG重构阻燃体系/硅橡胶泡沫的物理性能和力学性能。物理性能表明，EG/HNTs@CTS对硅橡胶泡沫影响并不显著，EG-g-HCCT阻燃体系有助于改善硅胶泡沫的均匀性，且密度低，EG/CF@A-171 阻燃体系硅橡胶泡沫密度和硬度较大。力学性能表明，EG/HNTs@CTS 阻燃体系效果最佳，其次为EG/CF@A-171和EG-g-HCCT。当EG/HNTs@CTS 配比为EG10wt%+HNTs@CTS5wt%时，拉伸强度达到190KPa，断裂伸长率为127.79%，压缩强度为449KPa，较空白样品分别提升171.43%、27.04%和103.17%。

（4）探究了重构EG 阻燃体系的阻燃抑烟机理。通过TG、SEM、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和TG-FTIR等分析了EG/硅橡胶泡沫材料的热分解过程、炭渣结构、炭渣成分和热降解挥发产物。结果表明，EG/HNTs@CTS 阻燃体系，CTS成炭提高了“蠕虫”状炭层的致密性，HNTs不仅在残炭中构筑了三维结构，并形成了SiAlON的陶瓷结构，提升了炭层强度，从而改善了EG的阻燃效果，以凝聚相阻燃机理为主。EG-g-HCCT阻燃体系中，HCCT的存在，加速了硅氧键断裂，促进硅氧主链形成三维网络结构，提升了EG炭层强度，而P、N元素存在改善了EG炭层致密性，提升了硅橡胶泡沫阻燃性能，以凝聚相阻燃机理为主，兼顾气相阻燃机理；EG/CF@A-171阻燃体系，燃烧过程中，形成三维结构，抑制EG膨胀和迁移，使得炭层强度增加，从而改善了EG 的阻燃性能，以凝聚相阻燃机理为主。

Silicone rubber foam once ignited, it will continue to burn and release a large amount of heat and smoke, limiting its application in cutting-edge fields. This paper aiming at the problems of low strength, poor compatibility, and insufficient carbon formation rate in the flame retardant of silicone rubber foams, three different EG flame retardant systems which using green, environment-friendly, and economical expandable graphite (EG) as carrier were constructed from molecular, nano, and micron scale by chemical grafting technology, coating technology, and self-assembly technology. Silicone rubber foams were prepared by using the three kinds of reconstituted flame retardant systems, and the effects of different EG flame retardant systems on the physical properties, mechanical properties, flame retardant, and smoke suppression properties of silicone rubber foams were analyzed and compared, the mechanism of flame retardant and smoke suppression of EG reconstituted flame retardant system were revealed. This study has important theoretical and practical significance for improving EG flame retardant system and developing new flame retardant silicone rubber foam materials. The main research results of this paper are as follows:

(1) Using EG as carrier, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCT), carbon fiber (CF), halloysite (HNTs), and chitosan (CTS) as reconstruction components, EG-g-HCCT, CF@A-171, and HNTs@CTS were prepared by chemical grafting, coating, and self-assembly. The reconstructed products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), comprehensive thermal analyzer (TG), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Then three EG flame retardant systems (EG-g-HCCT, EG/CF@A-171, and EG/HNTs@CTS) were obtained by compounded the reconstructed products with EG. The expansion properties of EG-g-HCCT, EG/CF@A-171 and EG/HNTs@CTS were evaluated. The EG-g-HCCT flame retardant system was helpful to increase the expansion rate, while EG/CF@A-171 and EG/HNTs@CTS flame retardant system had inhibitory effect on the expansion rate.

(2) EG, EG-g-HCCT, EG/CF@A-171, and EG/HNTs@CTS were applied to silicone rubber foam system. The combustion properties, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression properties of silicone rubber foam were studied. The test results of limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion meter, and cone calorimeter showed that the flame retardant performance of EG/HNTs@CTS was the best, followed by EG-g-HCCT, EG/CF@A-171, and EG. When the proportion of EG/HNTs@CTS is EG10wt%+HNTs@CTS5wt%, the LOI is 35.7% and the flame retardant grade reaches V0. Ignition time (TTI) decreased to 61S, peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), peak smoke production rate (SPR), total smoke production rate (TSP), CO yield, and CO2 yield of flame retardant silicone rubber foam were 20.40 kW/m2, 19.6 MJ/m2, 0.020 m2/s, 9.3 m2/m2, 0.003%, and 0.087% respectively, decreased by 70.51%, 45.32%, 47.37%, 44.97%, 50.00%, and 59.72% compared with the blank sample.

(3) The physical and mechanical properties of the EG reconstituted flame retardant system/silicone rubber foam were studied. The results of physical properties indicated that the EG/HNTs@CTS had no significant effect on the physical properties of silicone rubber foam, the EG-g-HCCT flame retardant system could improve the uniformity of silicone rubber foam and lower its density, silicone rubber foam with EG/CF@A-171 flame retardant system had higher density and hardness. The results of mechanical properties showed that the EG/HNTs@CTS flame retardant system had the best effect, followed by EG/CF@A-171 and EG-g-HCCT. When the ratio of EG/HNTs@CTS was EG10wt%+HNTs@CTS5wt%, the tensile strength could reached to 190KPa, the elongation at break was 127.79%, and the compressive strength was 449KPa, which increased by 171.43%, 27.04% and 103.17% respectively compared with the blank sample.

(4) The flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of reconstitued EG flame retardant system was explored. Thermal decomposition process, carbon slag structure, carbon slag composition and thermal degradation volatile products of EG/ silicone rubber foam were analyzed by TG, SEM, XPS and TG-FTIR. The results showed that the carbon formation of CTS could improve the compactness of the "worm"-like carbon layer. HNTs not only built a three-dimensional structure in the residual carbon, but also formed the ceramic structure of SiAlON, which improves the strength of carbon layer and flame retardant effect of EG. In the EG-g-HCCT flame retardant system, the existence of HCCT accelerated the fracture of the silicone-oxygen bond，promoted the formation of a three-dimensional network structure of the main chain of silicon oxygen, and improved the strength of the EG carbon layer. The presence of P and N elements improved the compactness of the EG carbon layer and improved the flame retardant performance of silicone rubber foam. It was mainly based on the condensed phase flame retardant mechanism, supplemented by gas phase flame retardant. EG/CF@A-171 flame retardant system formed a three-dimensional structure during combustion, inhibited EG expansion and migration, increased the strength of the carbon layer, and improved the flame retardant performance of EG, which was mainly based on the flame retardant mechanism of condensed phase.

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