本研究聚焦于中国最具代表性的传统民居建筑之一——窑洞，本文主要研究窑洞窑脸的装饰设计。窑洞民居作为一种生土建筑，它的历史在中国黄土高原地区延续了数千年。这种独特的民居建筑承载着人与自然和谐共生的智慧，其历史起源可追溯至新石器时代的穴居遗址。穴居历史历经了仰韶文化半地穴式建筑的演变，仍延续至今。窑洞是依靠于黄土直立性构造的一种生土建筑，具有“冬暖夏凉、节地节能”的生态特性。窑洞作为黄河流域文明的重要载体，不仅仅是建筑适应地理气候的典范，在营造理念上更蕴含着“天人合一”的哲学思想，是物质空间与精神信仰的双重表达。

  本文采用跨学科研究方法，结合设计学、建筑学、语言学、人类学与文化研究等对窑脸装饰结构进行研究。研究首先通过查阅相关资料、书籍与文献，对窑洞民居与类型学所涉及到的理论进行详细阐述；其次前往传统窑洞村落，对传统村落的窑洞窑脸展开系统调研，运用实地测量、航拍测绘等技术获取窑脸的实体数据。再结合匠作口诀、营造契约等民间文献的整理，构建包含功能组织、形式语言、材料工艺等维度的类型学数据库；然后运用类型学“原型——变体”的分析方法，从立面构成、建筑材料、比例尺寸三个层级提炼出基本原型，对窑脸形态的影响要素进行分析。基于自然环境、社会经济、历史文化等维度对窑脸装饰结构形态的深层影响要素进行剖析，揭示窑洞装饰形态与地域气候、建造技艺、民俗信仰的耦合机制；最后通过陕西榆林杨家沟村窑脸改造的设计实践，验证“窑脸地域基因”的实践效能。建立窑脸装饰结构的原型框架，突破传统经验研究的局限。

  研究证明，类型学理论通过构建动态平衡的“传统基因库”，能够有效协调窑脸更新中历史记忆存续与现代功能演进的对立，为传统民居的活态更新提供兼具学术价值与实践效能的路径参考，能够进一步完善有关窑洞民居更新改造的相关理论，丰富窑洞的研究范围，为窑洞的发展以及传统民居保护与传承提供了理论依据。

  This study focuses on the typical representative of traditional Chinese residential architecture - cave dwellings, and investigates the decorative structure of their kiln faces. Cave dwellings are a unique form of residential architecture that has lasted for thousands of years in the Loess Plateau region of China, carrying the wisdom of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. Its origin can be traced back to cave dwelling sites in the Neolithic Age, and after the evolution of semi subterranean architecture in the Yangshao culture, it has formed three basic types: mountain kilns (cliff kilns), sunken kilns (pit courtyards), and independent kilns (gui kilns). The cave dwellings rely on the upright structure of loess as a raw soil building system, which has the ecological characteristics of "warm in winter and cool in summer, energy-saving and land saving". Its geographical distribution is centered around the Loess Plateau, covering provinces such as Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Gansu, Ningxia, and Hebei. As an important carrier of agricultural civilization in the Yellow River Basin, cave dwellings are not only a model of architecture adapting to geographical and climatic conditions, but also embody the philosophy of "harmony between man and nature" in their creation. They are a dual expression of material space and spiritual beliefs.

  This article adopts an interdisciplinary research method, combining design, architecture, linguistics, anthropology, and cultural studies to study the structure of kiln face decoration. The study first elaborates on the theories involved in cave dwellings and typology by consulting relevant literature; Next, we will go to traditional cave villages to conduct systematic research on the kiln faces of traditional villages. We will use techniques such as field measurement and aerial surveying to obtain physical data of the kiln faces, and then combine them with folk literature such as craft formulas and construction contracts to construct a typological database that includes dimensions such as functional organization, formal language, and material craftsmanship; Then, using the typological analysis method of "prototype variant", the basic prototype is extracted from three levels: facade composition, building materials, and proportional dimensions, and the influencing factors of kiln face form are analyzed. Based on dimensions such as natural environment, social economy, and historical culture, the deep influencing factors of kiln face decoration structure form are analyzed, revealing the coupling mechanism between kiln face decoration form and regional climate, construction techniques, and folk beliefs; Finally, through the design practice of the kiln face renovation in Yangjiagou Village, Yulin, Shaanxi, the practical effectiveness of the "kiln face regional gene" was verified. Establish a prototype framework for kiln face decoration structure, breaking through the limitations of traditional empirical research.

  Research has shown that typological theory, by constructing a dynamically balanced "traditional gene bank," can effectively coordinate the opposition between historical memory preservation and modern functional evolution in kiln face renewal, providing a path reference with both academic value and practical effectiveness for the dynamic renewal of traditional dwellings. It can further improve relevant theories on the renovation and transformation of cave dwellings, enrich the research scope of cave dwellings, and provide theoretical basis for the development of cave dwellings and the protection and inheritance of traditional dwellings.

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