水力压裂作为一种坚硬顶板改造措施，可以通过向坚硬顶板岩层注入高压水或压裂液在坚硬顶板岩层中形成裂缝，破坏岩层的完整性，降低岩石的强度和承载能力。本文针对水力压裂裂缝扩展和压裂裂缝监测方法的研究问题，以水力压裂裂缝为研究对象，采用理论分析、实验室实验和数值模拟相结合的方法，通过发射参数演化规律分析，采用声发射定位法，反演水力压裂裂缝的空间分布，研究水力压裂过程中类岩石压裂裂纹扩展的特征，通过工程实践降低坚硬顶板动力灾害的风险。

由类岩石单轴加载破坏特征和声发射空间分布特征，测试类岩试样物理力学参数，得出破坏失稳前兆的声发射特征；对水力压裂裂缝的起裂条件、扩展过程、力学模型以及影响因素进行了研究；分析了压裂试样水压曲线的脉动特性，以及压裂引起的声发射累积数与振幅响应特性，推测出水力压裂裂纹扩展具有阶段性特征，声发射定位过程及结果也反映出宏观表面裂纹形成之前内部微观断裂的演变机理；采用二维数值模拟模拟了应力对起裂压力、裂缝位移的影响，三维数值模拟模拟了应力对水力压裂裂缝扩展特征、裂缝面积的影响，验证了钻孔压裂的开裂方向为垂直于最小主应力方向，平行于最大主应力方向，得出了裂缝破裂的注水压力值，分析出随着主应力差值增大，模型的破裂压力、位移（水力裂缝开度）和裂缝面积都随之减小的规律。

根据模拟结果分析结果，对综放工作面坚硬顶板进行弱化、卸压综合防治，通过孔内注水压力、钻孔窥视和地音等评价指标对水力压裂卸压效果进行综合评估，验证了水力压裂能够改变岩石的内部结构并达到卸压效果。本研究为水力压裂响应特征及其破坏规律研究提供参考。

As a hard roof reconstruction measure, hydraulic fracturing can form cracks in the hard roof strata by injecting high-pressure water or fracturing fluid into the hard roof strata, destroy the integrity of the rock strata, and reduce the strength and bearing capacity of the rock.Aiming at the research problems of hydraulic fracture propagation and monitoring methods of hydraulic fracture, this paper takes hydraulic fracture as the research object, adopts the method of combining theoretical analysis, laboratory experiment and numerical simulation, analyzes the evolution law of emission parameters, and adopts acoustic emission positioning method to invert the spatial distribution of hydraulic fracture. The characteristics of rock-like fracture crack growth during hydraulic fracturing are studied to reduce the risk of dynamic disaster of hard roof through engineering practice.

Based on the spatial distribution characteristics of rock failure under uniaxial loading and acoustic emission, the physical and mechanical parameters of rock samples are tested, and the acoustic emission characteristics of failure and instability precursors are obtained. The initiation conditions, propagation process, mechanical model and influencing factors of hydraulic fracture are studied. The pulsation characteristics of the hydraulic pressure curve and the acoustic emission cumulative number and amplitude response characteristics caused by fracturing are analyzed. It is inferred that the crack propagation of hydraulic fracturing has phased characteristics, and the AE positioning process and results also reflect the evolution mechanism of internal micro-fractures before the formation of macroscopic surface cracks. Two-dimensional numerical simulation was used to simulate the influence of stress on crack initiation pressure and fracture displacement, and three-dimensional numerical simulation was used to simulate the influence of stress on fracture propagation characteristics and fracture area of hydraulic fracturing. It was verified that the cracking direction of drilling and fracturing was perpendicular to the direction of minimum principal stress and parallel to the direction of maximum principal stress, and the waterflood pressure value of fracture was obtained. The fracture pressure, displacement (hydraulic fracture opening) and fracture area are all reduced in the model.

According to the analysis results of the simulation results, the comprehensive prevention and control of the hard roof of the fully mechanized caving face is carried out, and the pressure relief effect of hydraulic fracturing is comprehensively evaluated through the evaluation indexes of the injection pressure in the hole, the borehole peeping pressure and the ground sound, which verifies that hydraulic fracturing can change the internal structure of the rock and achieve the pressure relief effect. This study provides reference for the study of hydraulic fracturing response characteristics and failure rules.

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