随着基建规模的不断扩大，建筑用砂需求量与日俱增。但优质用砂资源面临枯竭，导致建设成本不断上涨，探究建筑用砂新来源成为混凝土工程领域亟待解决的问题。风积砂在全球储量丰富，开采方便、造价低廉，应用前景广泛。以毛乌素沙地地表风积砂为原材料试配混凝土，研究了风积砂掺量对混凝土力学性能的影响规律，结合扫描电镜（SEM）、核磁共振（NMR）及X射线断层扫描（X-CT）等物理表征技术，X射线单晶衍射（XRD）、原位红外光谱（FT-IR）等化学表征技术，从物理、化学角度多尺度揭示了影响机理。模拟不同服役工况开展了风积砂混凝土耐久性劣化试验，分析了质量、动弹性模量及抗压强度等宏观性能劣化规律；结合SEM、NMR、XRD等表征手段，揭示了孔隙结构、界面过渡区（ITZ）、水化产物形貌及物相组成等微观指标演化规律。基于一维毛细吸水理论及多孔弹性介质理论，构建了水分传输模型及冻胀破坏力学模型，分析了冻融作用下风积砂混凝土吸水特性及冻结应力演化规律，阐明了冻融盐蚀劣化机理；结合室内外冻融试验确立了寿命预测模型，为风积砂混凝土在沙漠地区基建中推广使用提供服务。主要研究内容及结论如下：

（1）研究了风积砂掺量对混凝土塌落度及抗压强度的影响规律，从多尺度揭示了影响机理。结果表明，适量风积砂代替河砂可以配制出工作性能及基本力学性能可靠的风积砂混凝土，本研究中最优掺量为20-30%。风积砂影响混凝土力学特性的物理机理在于其粒径细小，表面浑圆，掺入后改善了细骨料的颗粒级配，减轻了“微区泌水”及“边界”效应，改善了ITZ结构；化学机理在于其呈弱碱性，有化学活性及异相成核效应，可与水泥水化产物发生二次水化反应，改变了水化产物的化学结构（官能团）及微观形貌，减小了混凝土内部的初始缺陷。在此基础上，定义了有害孔隙率，发现了有害孔隙率与混凝土抗压强度间的线性关系，构建了考虑风积砂化学活性或砂子细度模数影响的混凝土强度预测模型，较好地预测了风积砂混凝土早期强度发展规律。

（2）开展了水冻、气冻气融、冻融盐蚀（3%NaCl溶液）作用下风积砂混凝土耐久性试验，从物理、化学角度多尺度揭示了耐久性劣化机理。结果表明，在水冻工况下，混凝土的损伤是“力-热-渗流”三场耦合的结果，以物理损伤为主，化学作用微弱，外界持续不断的水分传输是造成混凝土冻融劣化的根本原因。100%掺量风积砂混凝土力学性能较差，但抗冻性能最优越。由冻融盐蚀造成的混凝土损伤是一个物理-化学过程。盐溶液进入混凝土内部后既可与水化产物发生复杂的化学反应，生成腐蚀性产物Friedel盐，又可在低温下以晶体形式析出，从而使混凝土冻融损伤加剧。在冻融循环次数一定的情况下，混凝土在各种介质中的损伤程度依次为3% NaCl>清水>空气（气冻气融）。在氯盐长期浸泡下，风积砂混凝土质量及相对动弹性模量相对较为稳定，经浸泡后混凝土内部小尺寸孔隙有减小趋势。

（3）分析了冻融损伤风积砂混凝土吸水特性演化规律，基于一维毛细吸水理论确立了水分传输模型；基于多孔弹性介质理论及孔隙相对饱和度确立了冻胀破坏力学模型，分析了冻结应力演化规律。结果表明，损伤混凝土的吸水系数、吸水深度及孔隙饱水速度均随冻融循环次数的增大而增大，毛细吸水曲线呈现典型的“双线性”特征。混凝土冻融损伤速度随孔隙饱和速度及相对饱和度的增大而增大，随风积砂掺量的增大而减小。冻结应力是水-冰相变导致的体积膨胀及过冷现象造成的水分迁移产生的结晶压力、静水压力等共同作用的结果，其值大小与孔隙结构及相对饱和度、液相饱和度及过冷度密切相关。孔径尺寸及相对饱和度越大、液相饱和度越小，冻结应力越大，混凝土的冻融损伤速度越快，损伤越严重。

（4）开展了自然暴露试验，模拟了季冻区半干旱气候条件下混凝土结构冻融劣化规律，基于最冷月（1月）气象条件及室内外冻融损伤等效机制，确立了自然服役寿命预测模型。结果表明，在陕北地区，混凝土在一个受冻龄期内大约经历了118次自然冻融循环，相当于室内清水介质中快速冻融12.66次。质量损失率、动弹性模量损失率等耐久性评价指标劣化行为与外界环境湿度（影响空气-混凝土界面处水分传输方向）密切相关。经历一个受冻龄期后，风积砂混凝土质量、动弹性模量及抗压强度损失较小。基于质量损失率及动弹性模量损失率均可预测混凝土的服役寿命。据预测，水下风积砂混凝土结构在陕北地区的自然冻融寿命为21年左右，水上结构的自然冻融寿命在54.96-61.56年间。

With the continuous expansion of the scale of infrastructure construction, the demand of sand for building is increasing day by day. However, the high-quality sand resources are facing depletion, which leads to the rising of construction costs. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore new sand sources for the field of concrete engineering. The aeolian sand, which is widely distributed around the world, can become a green resource after the processes of reasonable utilization due to its convenient mining and low cost. In this paper, the aeolian sand on the surface of Mu Us sand land was used as raw material to product concrete, and the influence of aeolian sand content on the mechanical properties of concrete was studied, as well as its influence mechanism was revealed combining with the physical characterization techniques such as SEM, NMR and X-CT, and the chemical ones of X-ray single crystal diffraction (XRD) and in situ infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) from multi-scale. Meanwhile, the durability deterioration tests of aeolian sand concrete were carried out to simulate different service conditions, the deterioration laws of macroscopic properties such as mass, dynamic elastic modulus and compressive strength were analyzed; the evolution of pore structure, interfacial transition zone (ITZ), morphology and phase composition of hydration products were characterized by the SEM, NMR, XRD and other equipment. At the same time,

the water transport model and frost heave failure mechanical model were established based on the one-dimensional capillary water absorption theory and porous elastic media theory, the water absorption characteristics and freezing stress evolution of aeolian sand concrete under freeze-thaw action were analyzed, and the degradation mechanism of freeze-thaw and salt erosion was revealed. In addition, a life prediction model was established to predict the service life of aeolian sand concrete based on the indoor and outdoor tests results to provide services for the promotion and use of aeolian sand concrete in infrastructure construction in desert areas, and the main research contents and conclusions are as follows:

The influence of aeolian sand content on the slump and compressive strength of concrete was studied, and its mechanism was revealed from multi-scale. The results show that using a proper amount of aeolian sand to take the place of river sand can configure aeolian sand concrete that has reliable workability and mechanical properties, and the best content is 20-30%. The physical mechanism of aeolian sand affecting the mechanical properties of concrete lies in its small particle size and low surface friction. It can perfect the particle gradation of fine aggregates, reduce both the effects of "micro-zone bleeding" and "boundary" and strengthen the ITZ structure. The chemical mechanism is that it is weakly alkaline, and the small particles have active and heterogeneous nucleation effects, which can have secondary hydration reactions with the cement hydration products, thereby changing the chemical structure (functional groups) and microscopic morphology of hydration products and reducing the initial defects inside the concrete. Then, the harmful pore rate was defined, the linear relationship between it and concrete strength was found, and the concrete strength prediction model was established by considering the influence of the chemical activity of aeolian sand or the fineness modulus of sand, which can better predict the early strength development law of aeolian sand concrete.

The durability degradation test of aeolian sand concrete with the environments of freeze-thaw in water and air, as well as freeze-thaw and salt corrosion (3%NaCl solution) were carried out to analyze its durability degradation law, and the damage mechanism was revealed from the physical, chemical points of view and multi-scale. The results indicate that the damage of concrete is the result of the coupling of "force - heat - flow", and the concrete mainly exhibits physical damage and weak chemical damage when subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in water. The continuous moisture transmission from the outside is the fundamental reason of concrete freeze-thaw deterioration. The concrete with aeolian sand content of 100% has the worst mechanical properties but best frost resistance. The damage of concrete caused by the freeze-thaw and salt corrosion is a physical-chemical process. On the one hand, part of NaCl in concrete has a complex chemical reaction with the hydration products to form the corrosive product Friedel salt. On the other hand, part precipitates in the form of crystals at the low temperatures, thus aggravated the freeze-thaw damage of concrete. The freeze-thaw damage degree of concrete in various media is 3% NaCl> water > air when the number of freeze-thaw cycles is fixed. The mass and dynamic modulus of aeolian sand concrete are relatively stable, and the small-size pores in concrete tend to decrease after immersion in 3% NaCl solution for the long-term.

The evolution law of water absorption characteristics of aeolian sand concrete with freeze-thaw damage was analyzed, and the water transport model was established based on the one-dimensional capillary water absorption theory. Based on the theory of poroelastic medium and pore relative saturation, the frost heave failure mechanics model was established and the evolution law of freezing stress was analyzed. The results show that the water absorption coefficient, water absorption depth and pore saturation velocity of damaged concrete all increase with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles, and the capillary water absorption curve presents the typical "bilinear" characteristic. The freeze-thaw damage rate of concrete is positively correlated with the pore saturation rate and relative saturation, and negatively correlated with aeolian sand content. The freezing stress is the result of the combined effect of the crystallization pressure and hydrostatic pressure caused by the volume expansion caused by the water-ice phase transition and the water migration caused by the supercooling phenomenon, and its value is closely related to the pore structure, relative saturation, liquid saturation and the degree of supercooling. The larger the pore size and pore relative saturation, the smaller the liquid saturation, the greater the freezing stress, the faster the freeze-thaw damage rate of concrete, and the more serious the damage.

The natural exposure test was carried out to simulate the deterioration law of concrete structure in the semi-arid climate of seasonal freezing zone, and the natural service life prediction model was established based on the meteorological conditions of the coldest month (January) and the equivalent effects of indoor and outdoor freeze-thaw. The results show that aeolian sand concrete experienced 118 natural freeze-thaw cycles in a frozen age in northern Shaanxi, which is equivalent to 12.66 cycles of damage caused by the rapid freeze-thaw cycles in water environment. The deterioration behavior of durability evaluation indexes such as mass loss rate and dynamic elastic modulus loss rate is closely related to the external environmental humidity (which affects the direction of water transport at the air-concrete interface). After a frozen age, the mass, dynamic elastic modulus and compressive strength of aeolian sand concrete suffered little damage. The service life of concrete can be predicted based on both the mass loss rate and the dynamic modulus loss rate. It is predicted the natural freeze-thaw life of aeolian sand concrete in water environment in northern Shaanxi is about 21 years, and that of superstructure is about 54.96-61.56 years.

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