陕北煤炭基地在我国西部煤炭生产区发挥着重要作用，而该区域生态环境脆弱，加上大规模的煤炭开采，导致区域内水土流失问题严重。采动地裂缝和沉陷坡面作为黄河中游陕北煤矿区显著且最具代表性的两种采动损害形式，引发的水土流失效应已经不容忽视。为研究陕北黄土沟壑采煤沉陷区不同采动损害类型对土壤抗冲性的影响，选取陕北柠条塔北翼采动损害区域的采动地裂缝、沉陷坡面作为研究对象，分别采集不同宽度（0~10、10~20、20~30cm）采动地裂缝周围80cm以内、沉陷坡面（坡顶、坡中、坡脚）的土壤，通过文献法选取并测定了土壤机械组成（砂粒、粉粒、黏粒）、孔隙度、＞0.25mm非水稳性团聚体、＞0.25mm水稳性团聚体、有机质等7个国内外学者普遍关注的土壤抗冲性重要影响因子及径流泥沙量、土壤抗冲系数2个土壤抗冲系数指标，揭示不同采动损害类型下土壤抗冲性重要影响因子及土壤抗冲系数指标的变化规律，通过相关性分析和逐步回归分析等两种方法筛选了土壤抗冲性关键影响因子，并构建了陕北黄土沟壑采煤沉陷区不同损害类型下表层土壤抗冲性综合指数模型。结果表明：

（1）揭示了不同采动损害类型下土壤抗冲性重要影响因子的变化规律。第一，不同宽度的采动地裂缝周围（80m以内）的土壤砂粒质量分数、土壤孔隙度、土壤＞0.25 mm非水稳性团聚体质量分数等3个影响因子呈现上升趋势，增幅分别为：26.3%、12.2%、9.1%；而土壤黏粒质量分数、土壤＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体质量分数及有机质质量分数等3个影响因子均呈现下降趋势，降幅分别为：28.3%、35.4%、27.2%；砂粒质量分数无显著性变化，并且两种这种效应均会随着距裂缝宽度的增大、水平距离的减小而增强。第二，沉陷坡面不同坡面位置（坡顶、坡中、坡脚）处的土壤砂粒质量分数、土壤孔隙度、土壤＞0.25 mm非水稳性团聚体质量分数等3个影响因子均呈现上升趋势，增幅分别为：4.8%、2.5%、3.3%；土壤黏粒质量分数、土壤＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体质量分数及有机质质量分数均呈现下降趋势，降幅分别为：6.0%、14.6%、5.9%；砂粒质量分数无显著性变化，并且这种两种效应均表现出：坡顶>坡中>坡脚。第三，两种不同采动损害类型下的土壤土壤抗冲性重要影响因子的变化趋势基本一致。相较于沉陷坡面，采动地裂缝周边的土壤砂粒质量分数、土壤孔隙度、>0.25mm非水稳性团聚体质量分数的增幅分别提升了21.5%、9.7%、5.8%；土壤黏粒质量分数、>0.25mm非水稳性团聚体质量分数、有机质质量分数的降幅分别提升了22.3%、20.8%、21.3%。充分表明采动地裂缝的发育会严重加剧采煤活动对土壤结构的扰动作用。

（2）阐明了不同采动损害类型均产生显著降低周围土壤抗冲性的效应。第一，采动地裂缝周边的土壤经冲刷产生的泥沙流失量主要来自于5min以内。冲刷产生的径流泥沙量会随着采动地裂缝宽度的增大而增大，增幅呈现减小的趋势，增幅介于1.6%~58.7%；土壤抗冲系数均随着采动地裂缝宽度的增大而减小，降幅呈现减小的趋势，降幅介于0.4%~29.4%，这两种效应均会随着距裂缝水平距离的增大而减弱。第二，沉陷坡面不同部位（坡顶、坡中、坡脚）处的土壤经冲刷产生的泥沙流失量主要源于6min以内。冲刷产生的径流泥沙量均呈现增大的趋势，变化幅度介于1.6%~17.9%之间；土壤抗冲系数均呈现减小的变化趋势，变化幅度介于1.3%~19.1%之间。第三，两种不同采动损害类型下的土壤土壤抗冲性指标的变化趋势基本一致。相较于沉陷坡面，采动地裂缝周边的土壤经冲刷产生径流泥沙量的增幅平均提升了7.5%；土壤抗冲系数的降幅平均提升了6.4%。充分表明采动地裂缝的发育会加剧采煤活动诱发的土壤侵蚀效应。

（3）构建了不同采动损害类型下土壤抗冲性综合指数模型。第一，基于相关性分析、逐步线性回归分析，分别筛选了两种典型采动损害类型下土壤抗冲性关键影响因素：砂粒、土壤孔隙度、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体、有机质4个因素为采动地裂缝周边的土壤抗冲性关键影响因素；砂粒、土壤孔隙度、有机质3个因素为坡顶、坡中处土壤抗冲性关键影响因素；砂粒、土壤孔隙度、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体、有机质4个因素为坡脚处土壤抗冲性关键影响因素。第二，根据上述结果采用多元线性回归分别得出陕北煤矿区不同采动损害类型下的土壤抗冲性综合指数模型，并通过与土壤抗冲性试验得到的土壤抗冲系数进行对比。两者相对误差率为-6.48%~7.54%，平均绝对误差率为1.97%，且因子显著相关、方程拟合度高，结果可靠。揭示了陕北煤矿区采动地裂缝对土壤抗冲性的影响变化规律。

The coal base in northern Shaanxi plays an important role in the coal production area in western China, and the ecological environment in this area is fragile, coupled with large-scale coal mining, resulting in serious soil erosion in the region. The two typical damage types of mining-induced ground fissures and subsidence slopes are the two most representative forms of mining-induced damage in the coal mining area of northern Shaanxi in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and the soil erosion effect caused by them cannot be ignored. In order to study the influence of two types of mining damage on soil anti-scourability, the mining ground fissures with widths of 0 ~ 10 cm, 10 ~ 20 cm and 20 ~ 30 cm in the mining ground fissure development area in the north wing of Ningtiaota in northern Shaanxi were selected as the research object, and the surface soil with horizontal distance of 0 ~ 80 cm was collected. Seven important influencing factors of soil anti-scourability, such as soil mechanical composition, porosity, >0.25 mm non-water-stable aggregates, >0.25 mm water-stable aggregates and organic matter, which were widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad, and two soil anti-scourability indexes, runoff sediment and soil anti-scourability coefficient, were selected and determined by literature method. The important influencing factors of soil anti-scourability and the change rule of soil anti-scourability coefficient index under different mining damage types were revealed. The key influencing factors of soil anti-scourability were screened by correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis, and the comprehensive index model of surface soil anti-scourability under different damage types in coal mining subsidence area of northern Shaanxi was constructed. The results show that :

(1) The soil mechanical composition, soil porosity, >0.25mm non-water-stable aggregates, >0.25mm water-stable aggregates and soil organic matter of the two types of mining damage will have a certain degree of change. Mining-induced ground fissures : With the increase of crack width, the three influencing factors of soil sand mass fraction, soil porosity, and soil >0.25 mm non-water-stable aggregate mass fraction all showed an upward trend. The soil clay mass fraction, soil >0.25 mm water-stable aggregate mass fraction and organic matter mass fraction all showed a downward trend, and the sand mass fraction did not change significantly, and this effect would decrease with the increase of horizontal distance from the crack. Subsidence slope : the three influencing factors of soil sand mass fraction, soil porosity and soil >0.25 mm non-water stable aggregate mass fraction at the top, middle and toe of the slope showed an upward trend, while the soil clay mass fraction, soil >0.25 mm water stable aggregate mass fraction and organic matter mass fraction showed a downward trend, and there was no significant change in sand mass fraction, and this effect showed top>middle>toe. Compared with the subsidence slope, the increase of soil sand mass fraction, soil porosity and >0.25 mm non-water stable aggregate mass fraction around the mining ground fissure increased by 21.5 %, 9.7 % and 5.8 %, respectively. The decrease of soil clay mass fraction, >0.25 mm non-water stable aggregate mass fraction and organic matter mass fraction increased by 22.3 %, 20.8 % and 21.3 %, respectively. The results show that the occurrence of mining-induced ground fissures will seriously aggravate the disturbance of coal mining activities to soil structure.

(2) Under the two types of mining damage, the cumulative runoff and sediment volume in different scouring time showed a three-stage change rule of ' rapid increase, slow increase and stable ' under different scouring flow rates. The amount of sediment loss caused by soil erosion around mining ground fissures mainly comes from within 5 minutes, while the amount of sediment loss caused by soil erosion on subsidence slope mainly comes from within 6 minutes. The amount of runoff and sediment generated by the erosion of the soil around the mining ground fissure increases with the increase of the width of the mining ground fissure, and the increase shows a decreasing trend, with an increase of 1.6 % ~ 58.7 %. The soil anti-scourability coefficient decreases with the increase of the width of the mining ground fissure, and the decrease shows a decreasing trend, with a decrease of 0.4 % ~ 29.4 %. This effect will be weakened with the increase of the horizontal distance from the fissure. The amount of runoff and sediment produced by the surface soil at three different slope faces of the loess subsidence slope showed different trends during the scouring process. The amount of runoff and sediment produced by the soil at the top, middle and toe of the slope showed an increasing trend, and the variation range was between 1.6 % and 17.9 %. The soil anti-scourability coefficients at three different slope faces on the subsidence slope showed a decreasing trend, and the variation range was between 1.3 % and 19.1 %.

(3) Based on correlation analysis and stepwise linear regression analysis, the key influencing factors of soil anti-scourability under two typical mining damage types were screened respectively. The results show that sand, soil porosity, > 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates and organic matter are the key influencing factors of soil anti-scourability around mining-induced ground fissures. The three factors of sand, soil porosity and organic matter were the key influencing factors of soil anti-scourability at the top and middle of the slope. The four factors of sand, soil porosity, > 0.25 mm water-stable aggregates and organic matter are the key influencing factors of soil anti-scourability at the foot of the slope. Based on the above results, the comprehensive index model of soil anti-scourability under two different forms of mining damage in northern Shaanxi coal mining area was obtained by multiple linear regression, and compared with the soil anti-scourability coefficient obtained by soil anti-scourability test. The relative error rate of the two is-6.48 % ~ 7.54 %, and the average absolute error rate is 1.97 %. The factor is significantly correlated, the equation fitting degree is high, and the result is reliable. The influence of mining-induced ground fissures on soil anti-scourability in northern Shaanxi coal mine area is revealed.

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