硅橡胶泡沫（SiFs）作为密封或隔火阻燃层在航空航天、新能源汽车电池包等特殊领域应用时，要求阻燃材料面对各种极端条件的考验时保持稳定。而SiFs在高温或遇火条件下会发生收缩龟裂，形成的炭层强度低、烟密度较高。因此须提升SiFs的阻燃抑烟性能。金属有机框架（MOFs）是一种由金属离子或簇与有机配体相互作用形成的具有多孔结构的有机骨架材料。这种材料具有优异的物理化学性质和良好的热稳定性。MOFs由于有序的多孔结构和活性金属中心，因此在高分子复合材料中添加MOFs后，其在燃烧过程中表现出明显的阻燃抑烟效果。为此，本研究以提高SiFs复合材料本质安全的目标为需求牵引，基于MOFs的阻燃抑烟和催化成炭性质，制备两种铁基金属有机框架MIL-101和MIL-88A，而后选取有优异性能的MIL-88A与具有高熔点和催化吸附特性的Al₂O₃复配，制备出MIL-88A/Al₂O₃/SiFs材料，最后优选出最佳配比的MIL-88A/Al₂O₃/SiFs，揭示其阻燃抑烟机理。主要结果如下：

（1）通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和傅里叶转换红外光谱（FTIR）三种表征手段对制备样品表征，表明MIL-101和MIL-88A制备成功。通过对比MIL-88A和MIL-101对SiFs的热释放特性、烟释放特性和力学性能的影响，优选出MIL-88A型铁基金属有机框架为SiFs材料的初选阻燃抑烟剂。

（2）对Al₂O₃/SiFs和MIL-88A/Al₂O₃/SiFs样品的阻燃抑烟性能和力学性能进行了氧指数测试、锥形量热仪分析、烟密度检测以及万能拉伸试验机测试。Al₂O₃加入到SiFs中降低了热释放速率和热释放总量，MIL-88A加入到Al₂O₃/SiFs有效改善了单一Al₂O₃对SiFs热释放速率的影响，并明显减缓了烟释放速率和烟释放总量，MIL-88A和Al₂O₃两种材料添加对CO和CO₂产量的抑制效果明显强于单一Al₂O₃组分添加。通过分析热释放性能、烟释放性能和力学性能的影响，得到双组份复配的最佳比例的SiFs复合材料为3%MIL-88A/3%Al₂O₃/SiFs。

（3）利用数码相机、SEM、热重分析（TGA）和热重红外联用（TG-FTIR）对SiFs、3%MIL-88A/SiFs、3%Al₂O₃/SiFs和3%MIL-88A/3%Al₂O₃/SiFs的宏观与微观残炭形貌、热稳定性和热解产物进行研究，发现MIL-88A对材料分子的加固和Al₂O₃对SiFs材料的包覆在SiFs分子表面形成保护层，防止进一步燃烧，并从而达到了阻燃抑烟效果。MIL-88A与Al₂O₃都可以提高SiFs的热分解温度，改善其热稳定性，Al₂O₃在凝聚相中发挥了强有力的催化作用，MIL-88A和Al₂O₃对热解产物中的CO、CO₂和CH₄有明显的抑制作用。

（4）得到MIL-88A/Al₂O₃/SiFs的阻燃抑烟机理，由Al₂O₃包裹和MIL-88A加固的炭层，会抑制燃烧时产生的热和烟气向外逸出，降低热辐射的同时将MIL-88A和SiFs热解产生的H₂O、CO₂保留在SiFs基体内部，有效稀释SiFs热解产生的CH₄等可燃气体的浓度。Al₂O₃在SiFs材料中与MIL-88A热解出的带有H⁺的酸性气体反应生成H₂O能够降低燃烧区域的温度，并且吸附SiFs燃烧产生的烟尘，达到阻燃抑烟效果。

Silicone rubber foam (SiFs) is used as a sealing or fire-resistant layer in special fields such as aerospace and new energy vehicle battery packs. It required to remain stable when facing various extreme conditions. SiFs, on the other hand, will undergo shrinkage and cracking under high temperature or fire conditions, resulting in a low strength and high smoke density carbon layer. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of SiFs. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are organic framework materials with porous structures formed by the interaction of metal ions or clusters with organic ligands. This material has excellent physical and chemical properties and good thermal stability. Due to the ordered porous structure and active metal centers, MOFs added to polymer composites exhibit significant flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects during the combustion process. Therefore, this study aims to improve the intrinsic safety of SiFs composite materials. Based on the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and catalytic carbonization properties of MOFs, two iron based metal organic frameworks MIL-101 and MIL-88A were prepared. Then, MIL-88A with excellent performance was selected to blend with Al₂O₃ with high melting point and catalytic adsorption properties to prepare MIL-88A/Al₂O₃/SiFs materials. Finally, the optimal ratio of MIL-88A/Al₂O₃/SiFs was selected to reveal their flame retardancy and smoke suppression mechanism. The main results are as follows:

(1) The prepared samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), indicating successful preparation of MIL-101 and MIL-88A. By comparing the effects of MIL-88A and MIL-101 on the thermal release characteristics, smoke release characteristics, and mechanical properties of SiFs, MIL-88A was selected as the primary flame retardant and smoke suppressant for SiFs materials.

(2) The flame retardant and smoke suppression properties, as well as the mechanical properties of Al₂O₃/SiFs and MIL-88A/Al₂O₃/SiFs samples, were tested using oxygen index, cone calorimeter, smoke density, and universal tensile testing machine. Adding Al₂O₃ to SiFs reduced the thermal release rate and total thermal release amount of SiFs. Adding MIL-88A to Al₂O₃/SiFs effectively improved the single Al₂O₃'s impact on the thermal release rate of SiFs and significantly reduced the smoke release rate and total smoke release. The addition of both MIL-88A and Al₂O₃ had a greater inhibitory effect on CO and CO₂ production compared to adding only Al₂O₃. By analyzing the effects on thermal release performance, smoke release performance, and mechanical properties, the optimal ratio of the two-component composite SiFs material was determined to be 3% MIL-88A/3%Al₂O₃/SiFs.

(3) The macroscopic and microscopic char morphology, thermal stability, and pyrolysis products of SiFs, 3%MIL-88A/SiFs, 3%Al₂O₃/SiFs, and 3%MIL-88A/3%Al₂O₃/SiFs were studied using a digital camera, SEM, TGA, and TG-FTIR. It was found that MIL-88A reinforces the molecular structure of the material and Al₂O₃ forms a protective layer on the surface of SiFs molecules, preventing further combustion and achieving flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects. Both MIL-88A and Al₂O₃ can increase the thermal decomposition temperature of SiFs, improve its thermal stability, and Al₂O₃ exerts a strong catalytic effect in the condensed phase. MIL-88A and Al₂O₃ have significant inhibitory effects on CO, CO₂, and CH4 in the pyrolysis products.

(4) The flame retardant and smoke suppression mechanism of MIL-88A/Al₂O₃/SiFs was obtained. The carbon layer reinforced by MIL-88A and wrapped by Al₂O₃ can inhibit the heat and smoke generated during combustion from escaping to the outside, reduce the heat radiation, and retain H₂O and CO₂ produced by the thermal decomposition of MIL-88A and SiFs within the SiFs matrix, effectively diluting the concentration of flammable gases such as CH₄ generated by the thermal decomposition of SiFs. Al₂O₃ reacts with the acidic gas containing H⁺ produced by the thermal decomposition of SiFs and MIL-88A to generate H₂O, which can lower the temperature of the combustion area and adsorb the smoke generated by the combustion of SiFs, achieving flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects.

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