随着现代工业的快速发展，含油污水不断排放，海上溢油事故频繁发生，不仅严重破坏了生态环境，同时导致了石油和纯水资源的巨大浪费。因此，在现代化环境保护中，解决含油污水问题至关重要。含油污水类型丰富多样，不仅包含多种类型油水混合物，还并存着重金属离子、有机染料等污染物，极大地增加了分离的难度。而在分离含油污水领域中，超浸润膜材料因具有高分离效率、无二次污染、节省空间等优点而广受关注。超浸润膜材料可分为超疏水/超亲油和超亲水/水下超疏油两类膜材料。其中，超疏水/超亲油膜材料在油水混合物的分离过程中，其孔道易被油滴污染，极大地降低了分离效率。而超亲水/水下超疏油膜材料不仅能够高效分离油水混合物，还能保持自清洁性，是目前油水分离领域中的研究热点，拥有广泛的市场应用前景。

本论文基于超浸润性界面的构建原理，选取常见易得的PVDF膜、织物、棉花、铜网和聚酯纤维为基底，蒙脱土和单宁酸为主要原材料，制备出不同的超亲水/水下超疏油膜材料，实现多种类型污染物的有效分离，且能够同时分离油水乳状液、有机染料和重金属离子。主要研究内容如下：

(1) 选用单宁酸、鸡蛋清和提供表面粗糙度的蒙脱土为原料，PVDF膜、织物、棉花和铜网为基底，单宁酸和蛋白质通过氢键作用结合形成蛋白质层，蒙脱土依靠其粘附性沉积在基底上，从而获得多种超亲水/水下超疏油膜材料。该材料不仅具有优异的化学耐久性和机械稳定性，而且能够分离多种油水混合物以及水包油乳状液，并且经过多次循环分离后达到9500 L·m^-2·h^-1的高水通量以及99%以上的分离效率，为实现高效处理含油污水提供了思路。

(2) 选用蒙脱土、β-环糊精、单宁酸为原料，通过抽滤成膜法成功制备了超亲水/水下超疏油涂层PVDF膜，采用浸渍法制备了超亲水/水下超疏油浸渍PVDF膜和超亲水/水下超疏油浸渍聚酯纤维膜。该改性膜材料在强酸、强碱、高盐、紫外线照射以及多次磨损后水下油接触角依然大于150°。改性膜材料分离不同的油水混合物和水包油乳液时，表现出优异的分离效率(99%)。此外，超亲水/水下超疏油涂层PVDF膜不仅能吸附有机染料和各种重金属离子，还可以同时吸附过滤模拟污水中的多种污染物。

With the rapid development of modern industry, oil-containing sewage is continuously discharged and offshore oil spills occur frequently, which not only seriously damages the ecological environment, but also leads to a huge waste of oil and pure water resources. Therefore, it is crucial to solve the problem of oily sewage in modern environmental protection. Oily wastewater is of various types, including not only oil and water mixtures, but also metal ions, organic dyes and other pollutants, which greatly increases the difficulty of separation. In the field of separation of oily wastewater, super-infiltrated membrane materials are of great interest because of their high separation efficiency, no secondary contamination, and space-saving advantages. Super-impregnated membrane materials can be divided into two types of membrane materials: superhydrophobic/superoleophylic and superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic. In the process of separation of oil-water mixture, the pores of superhydrophobic/superoleophylic membrane materials are easily contaminated by oil droplets, which greatly reduces the separation efficiency. The superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic membrane material can not only separate oil-water mixture efficiently, but also maintain self-cleaning property, which is a hot research topic in the field of oil-water separation and has a wide market application prospect. The main research contents are as follows:

(1) Tannic acid, egg white and montmorillonite providing surface roughness are used as raw materials, PVDF membrane, fabric, cotton and copper mesh are used as substrates, tannic acid and protein combine to form a protein layer through hydrogen bonding, and montmorillonite is deposited on the substrate by its adhesion, so as to obtain a variety of the superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic membrane materials. The material not only has excellent chemical durability and mechanical stability, but also can separate a variety of oil-water mixtures and oil in water emulsions. After multiple cycles of separation, the material can achieve a high water-flux of 9500 L·m^-2·h^-1 and a separation efficiency of more than 99%, which provides an idea for the efficient treatment of oily sewage

(2) Using montmorillonite, β-cyclodextrin, and tannic acid as raw materials, a superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic coated PVDF membrane was successfully prepared by suction filtration membrane-forming method, and a superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic impregnated PVDF membrane and a superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic impregnated polyester fiber membrane were prepared by dipping method. After strong acid, strong alkali, high salt, ultraviolet radiation and repeated abrasion, the contact angle of the modified film material is still greater than 150 °. The modified membrane showed excellent separation efficiency (99%) when separating different oil-water mixtures and oil in water emulsion. In addition, the superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic coated PVDF membrane can not only absorb organic dyes and heavy metal ions, but also absorb and filter various pollutants in simulated sewage.