我国大部分煤层渗透率较低，常规钻孔预抽煤层瓦斯效果不理想，为提高煤层瓦斯预抽率、缩短预抽时间，需采取强化增透措施。液氮致裂作为一种无水压裂技术，促使煤层破裂产生裂隙网络，有效改善煤层渗透特性。实际煤层处于三维应力环境，使得煤体损伤破裂特性更为复杂，而现有真三轴应力下液氮致裂煤体裂缝起裂扩展规律鲜有研究。因此，本文依托自主研发的液氮注入致裂煤体真三轴实验系统，开展真三轴应力条件下液氮预冷和致裂煤体实验，探讨液氮预冷煤体损伤以及致裂煤体裂缝扩展规律，揭示液氮致裂煤体增透机理，提出煤层液氮致裂技术应用思路。主要成果如下：（1）综合考虑煤层真实应力环境和液氮低温特性，自主研发了液氮注入致裂煤体真三轴实验系统，主要包括真三轴应力加载、液氮增压注入、回压保压和数据采集等模块，系统安全、可靠，满足实验要求；提出了“同心环空套管”式液氮注入煤体方法，确保液氮以液态注入煤体，可实现真三轴加载下液氮注入致裂煤体实验。

（2）得到不同真三轴应力、注入压力下液氮注入预冷阶段煤体温度传播及损伤演化规律，煤体液氮预冷初期，钻孔内部产生莱顿弗罗斯特现象，煤体温度变化较小；随着液氮注入时间增加，煤体内部温度开始下降并趋于稳定；随着最大与最小水平应力比和注入压力增加，煤体内测点在更短时间内达到稳定低温状态。液氮预冷煤体应变值与水平应力比呈负指数关系，与注入压力呈负线性关系。

（3）声发射事件主要集中于液氮注入钻孔附近，随着水平应力比和注入压力增大，声发射事件、声发射能量和数量逐渐增加。随着水平应力比增大，煤体剪切破坏裂纹占比呈指数增大，拉伸破坏裂纹占比呈指数减小；随着注入压力增大，煤体拉伸破坏裂纹占比线性增大，剪切破坏裂纹占比线性减小。

（4）得到不同真三轴应力下，液氮注入预冷时间、水平应力比下煤体破裂压力、裂缝起裂与扩展规律。液氮预冷时间从5 min增至20 min时，煤体破裂压力由7.66 MPa降低到6.87 MPa，降幅10.31%；随着预冷时间增加，裂缝形态复杂，主裂缝出现了多条分支裂缝，煤体内声发射事件增多。水平应力比由1增加到3时，破裂压力由11.37 MPa降低到5.21 MPa，降幅54.18%；随着水平应力比增加，煤体主裂缝产生分支主裂缝叉，并偏向最小水平主应力方向，单一裂缝转化为三翼断裂裂缝。液氮致裂过程中，煤体破坏模式以拉伸破坏为主，随水平应力比和预冷时间增加，拉伸破坏裂纹占比逐渐增加。

（5）考虑煤体非均质性和液氮物性参数影响，建立液氮致裂煤体热-流-固-损伤多场耦合模型，研究了不同影响因素下煤体裂缝扩展、起裂压力和破裂压力变化规律。随着液氮注入预冷时间增加，可有效促进煤体裂缝形成和扩展，降低起裂和破裂压力；随着水平应力比增大，煤体损伤范围扩展明显，起裂和破裂压力呈线性降低趋势；随着煤体温度升高，煤体损伤范围扩展基本相同，起裂和破裂压力下降幅度较小。层理角度为45°时，裂缝复杂度相对较高，且裂缝更易于穿越层理面，起裂压力和破裂压力最小。

（6）建立液氮致裂非均质煤层三维数值模型，得到液氮致裂与水力压裂过程中煤层孔隙压力、损伤、渗透率及增透半径变化规律。液氮致裂与水力压裂过程中，煤层孔隙压力、损伤和渗透率随着与钻孔距离增加逐渐减小，与水力压裂相比，液氮致裂损伤范围更大，增透半径提高了35.39%。基于响应面法对液氮致裂的增透半径进行了敏感性分析，建立了增透半径与各因素的响应面方程，通过主效应和交互效应分析，发现注入压力和初始渗透率对液氮增透半径影响显著。

（7）揭示了液氮注入煤体损伤致裂及裂缝扩展机理，煤体裂缝起裂扩展主要受热应力、流体压力和汽化膨胀力影响，三轴应力不均匀分布，促进了裂缝起裂和扩展，最大主应力方向上，裂缝更易于扩展形成复杂裂缝网络。提出了低渗煤层液氮致裂技术思路，结合井下钻孔工艺和增透工程设计规范，建立了液氮致裂煤层工艺流程。

论文研究结果初步揭示了真三轴应力下液氮注入煤体损伤致裂及裂缝扩展规律，以期为进一步明确煤层液氮致裂增透抽采瓦斯技术适用性，指导相应工艺参数优化和现场应用提供依据。

Most of the coal seams in China have low permeability, and the effect of conventional borehole pre-drainage of coalbed methane is not satisfactory. To enhance the pre-drainage rate of coalbed methane and shorten the pre-drainage time, it is essential to adopt measures to increase permeability in coal seams. As a type of anhydrous fracturing technology, liquid nitrogen (LN₂) fracturing can effectively improve the permeability of coal seams. The actual coal seam is in a three-dimensional stress environment, which makes the damage and fracture characteristics of coal more complicated. However, there are few studies on the fracture initiation and propagation law of LN₂ fracturing coal under true triaxial stress. In this paper, LN₂ pre-cooling and fracturing coal experiments under true triaxial stress conditions are carried out relying on the independently developed true triaxial experimental system of fracturing coal by LN₂ injection. It explores the damage of LN₂ pre-cooled coal and the fracture expansion law of fractured coal, reveals the penetration enhancement mechanism of LN₂ fractured coal seam, and puts forward the idea of application of LN₂ fracturing technology in coal seam. The main results of this paper are as follows:

(1) Considering the real stress environment of coal seam and the low temperature characteristics of LN₂, a true triaxial experimental system for LN₂ injection fracturing coal was developed independently, which mainly included the modules of true triaxial stress loading, LN₂ pressurization injection, back pressure holding and data acquisition. The system is safe and reliable, and meets the experimental requirements. The "concentric annular casing" method of LN₂ injection into coal is proposed to ensure that LN₂ is injected into the coal in a liquid state, which can realize the true triaxial loading of LN₂ injection cracking coal experiments.

(2) The temperature propagation and damage evolution law of the precooled coal in the pre-cooling stage of LN₂ injection under different true triaxial stress and injection pressure were obtained. At the initial stage of LN₂ precooling, the Leidenfrost phenomenon was generated inside the borehole, and the temperature change of the coal was relatively small; with the increase of the injection time of LN₂, the internal temperature of the coal began to decrease and stabilized. With the increase of the maximum and minimum horizontal stress ratio and injection pressure, the measurement points in the coal reached a stable low temperature state in a shorter time. The strain values of LN₂ pre-cooled coal showed a negative exponential relationship with the horizontal stress ratio and a negative linear relationship with the injection pressure.

(3) The acoustic emission (AE) events are mainly concentrated in the vicinity of the injection borehole, and the AE events, AE energies and quantities gradually increase with the increase of the horizontal stress ratio and injection pressure. With the increase of horizontal stress ratio, the percentage of shear damage cracks increases exponentially, and the percentage of tensile damage cracks decreases exponentially; with the increase of injection pressure, the percentage of tensile damage cracks increases linearly, and the percentage of shear damage cracks decreases linearly.

(4) The effects of LN₂ injection pre-cooling time and horizontal stress ratio on the rupture pressure, fracture initiation and expansion pattern of the coal under true triaxial stress were obtained. When the LN₂ pre-cooling time increased from 5 to 20 min, the rupture pressure of the coal decreased from 7.66 MPa to 6.87 MPa, with a decrease of 10.31%; with the increase of the pre-cooling time, the fracture morphology was complicated, and multiple branching fractures appeared in the main fracture, and the number of AE events increased in the coal. When the horizontal stress ratio increased from 1 to 3, the rupture pressure decreased from 11.37 MPa to 5.21 MPa, with a decrease of 54.18%.With the increase of the horizontal stress ratio, the main fracture of the coal produced branching main crack forks and was biased to the direction of the minimum horizontal principal stress, and the single crack was transformed into a three-wing fracture crack. The damage mode of the coal is dominated by tensile damage, and the proportion of tensile damage cracks increases gradually with the increase of horizontal stress ratio and pre-cooling time.

(5) Considering the non-homogeneity of the coal and the influence of physical parameters of LN₂, a coupled thermal-fluid-solid-damage model of LN₂ fracturing was established, and the crack extension, crack initiation pressure and rupture pressure evolution laws of the coal were investigated under different influencing factors. Compared with the LN₂ without precooling, LN₂ injection precooling can promote the formation and expansion of coal cracks, and significantly reduce the initiation and rupture pressures. With the increase of the horizontal stress ratio, the damage range of the coal expands obviously, resulting in a significant decrease in the rupture pressure. With the increase of coal temperature, the expansion of coal damage range is basically the same, and the rupture pressure decreases slightly. When the angle of the lamination is 45°, the complexity of the cracks is relatively high, and the cracks are easier to cross the lamination surface, and the initiation and rupture pressures are the minimized.

(6) The three-dimensional numerical model of LN₂ fracturing heterogeneous coal seam was constructed, and the variation law of pore pressure, damage, permeability and permeability radius of coal seam during LN₂ fracturing and hydraulic fracturing is obtained. During the process of LN₂ and hydraulic fracturing, the pore pressure, damage and permeability of the coal seam decreased gradually with the increase of the distance from the drilling holes; the damage range of the LN₂ fracturing was larger, and the radius of penetration increase was increased by 35.39% compared with that of the hydraulic fracturing. Based on the response surface method, the sensitivity analysis of the penetration radius of LN₂ fracturing was carried out, and the response surface equations of the penetration radius and the factors were established. Through the analysis of the main effect and the interaction effect, it was obtained that the injection pressure and the initial permeability had a significant effect on the penetration radius of LN₂ fracturing.

(7) The mechanisms of damage fracturing and crack expansion in coal injected with LN₂ were revealed. The crack initiation and expansion of coal cracks are mainly affected by thermal stress, fluid pressure and vaporization expansion force, and the non-uniform distribution of triaxial stress further promotes the crack initiation and expansion of the cracks, especially in the direction of the maximum principal stress, which makes it easier to expand the cracks to form a more complex crack network. The idea of LN₂ fracturing technology for low-permeability coal seams was proposed, and the LN₂ fracturing process was established by combining the downhole drilling process and the design specification of permeability enhancement engineering.

The results of the thesis initially revealed the damage cracking and crack expansion law of LN₂ injection into coal under true triaxial stress. To provide a basis for further clarifying the applicability of coal seam LN₂ cracking and penetration enhancement gas extraction technology, and guiding the optimization of the corresponding process parameters and field application.

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