消防员在作业时常暴露于高温热环境中，热辐射容易引起人体皮肤发生不同程度的烧伤，合理评估高温热辐射环境中消防员热反应是保障消防人员生命安全的重要手段。本研究考虑人体整体及局部与环境之间的换热影响以及消防员皮肤烧伤预测，主要工作和研究成果如下：

将暖体假人进行三维激光扫描得到数值假人，并按照人体生理构造划分为20区块；此外，依据逆向工程软件Geomagic将人体模型进行后处理，生成了具有简化的均匀空气层构造（空气层6.35 mm）的服装数值人体模型。通过CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）模拟方法计算了换热系数与皮肤温度，并根据已发表文献实验测量值和仿真结果进行验证。通过验证可知所建立的CFD模型精度较好，可用于人体与环境之间的换热模拟。随后，利用所提模型探讨不同风速（0.2-20 m/s）和风向（0-180°）下全身和局部部位传热的变化趋势，分析服装参数（发射率、厚度、种类）对皮肤烧伤的影响。

结果表明，风速的增加会促进人体与环境之间的热交换，当风速从0.2 m/s增加到20 m/s时，人体整体对流换热系数（h_c）增加大约23倍；在风向为90°时，人体整体h_c在五个风向条件下差异不超过8.5 W/m²·℃，但身体局部部位的最大差异达到52 W/m²·℃，在非对称风向（45°、90°、135°）下，人体h_c呈现非对称式分布。服装发射率、服装厚度、服装种类以及风速对于皮肤温度的影响差异范围分别为6.6-13.3%、5.5-6.6%、5.7-10.1%和6.0-15.0%。总的来说，在火灾环境下应考虑火源的位置来采取适当的防护措施，防护服织物厚度的选取应平衡服装热防护性和热舒适性；降低服装发射率是提升防护性能的重要途径之一。

本研究生成h_c与环境因素（风速、风向）之间的回归方程，为人体传热提供了关于单因素风速以及双因素风速与风向的h_c数据库，以及对人体整体及局部开始发生烧伤情况进行预测，为高温热辐射环境下人体热生理参数预测、防护服精准防护性能的测试与研发提供基础数据。

Firefighters are often exposed to high temperature environments while firefighting and may cause skin burn injuries due to thermal radiation. Reasonable assessment of firefighter thermal response in thermal radiation environments is an important tool for safeguarding the lives of firefighters. Therefore, this study considers the effects of heat transfer between the human body as a whole and between the local segment and the environment, as well as the prediction of skin burns in firefighters. The main work and research results are as follows:

A 20-zone computational thermal manikin was constructed using a three-dimensional body scanning technique according to the physiological structure of the human body. Then, the numerical manikin model was post-processed using reverse engineering software to produce a clothed manikin model with a simplified uniform air layer configuration (air layer 6.35 mm). The heat transfer coefficient and skin temperature were calculated by CFD simulations and validated against experimental measurements and simulation results from published literature. The validation shows that the established CFD model has good accuracy and can be used for the simulation of heat transfer between the human body and the environment. The proposed model was then used to explore the trends of heat transfer in the whole body and local segments at different wind speeds (0.2-20 m/s) and wind directions (0-180°) and to analyze the effects of clothing parameters (emissivity, thickness, type) on skin burns.

The results show that an increase in wind speed promotes heat exchange between the human body and the environment, the h_c of the whole body increases approximately 23 times when the air velocity increases from 0.2 m/s to 20 m/s; the h_c of the whole body varies by no more than 8.5 W/m²·℃ for the five wind conditions, but the maximum difference can be up to 52 W/m²·℃ for local body segments. Asymmetric wind direction (45°, 90°, 135°) causes the distribution of convective heat flux asymmetrically. At the end of the 4 s of thermal exposure, it can be found that the differences in the effects of clothing emissivity, clothing thickness, clothing type, and air velocity on skin temperature range from 6.6-13.3%, 5.5-6.6%, 5.7-10.1% and 6.0-15.0% respectively. Overall, the location of the fire source should be considered for appropriate protective measures in a fire environment, and the selection of protective clothing fabric thickness should balance the thermal protection and thermal comfort of the garment; reducing the emissivity of the garment is one important way to improve the protective performance.

The regression equations generated in this study between h_c and environmental factors (wind speed and direction) provide a database of h_c for human heat transfer with respect to single-factor wind speed and two-factor wind speed and direction, as well as predictions of the overall and local onset of burns in the human body to provide basic data for the prediction of human thermophysiological parameters and the testing and development of the accurate protective performance of protective clothing in high-temperature thermal radiation environments.

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