天线作为通信系统的最前端，其性能影响着整个通信系统的质量。传统的天线设计方法具有依赖天线设计者经验，设计时间长和效率低下的缺点。实际应用中不可避免存在的误差会影响阵列天线的波束性能，如旁瓣电平抬高、零点移位或者零点电平抬高。针对上述问题，本文将寻优效果更好、收敛速度更快，稳定性更强的水循环算法引入天线设计和存在阵列误差情况下的阵列综合问题中，具体工作总结如下：

（1）基于水循环算法的天线设计。构建了基于水循环算法的MATLAB-HFSS联合仿真天线设计方法，并基于该方法设计优化了三款典型天线，以验证所提方法的有效性。1）E型贴片天线：基于所提方法优化后的E型贴片天线工作在4.62GHz-6.15GHz，实现了28.41%(S₁₁≤-10dB)的相对带宽，与灰狼算法、差分进化算法、自适应差分进化算法、风驱动算法、鲸鱼优化算法的优化结果相比，工作带宽分别提升了6.3%，38.3%，40.8%，42.1%和38.5%。2）传统磁电偶极子天线：基于所提方法优化后的传统磁电偶极子天线工作在1.51GHz-3.56GHz，实现了80.9%(VSWR≤1.5)的相对带宽。与传统的天线设计方法优化结果相比，工作带宽提升了84.7%，且尺寸有效地减小了25.9%。与灰狼算法优化结果相比，尺寸有效地减小了31.6%。3）宽带磁电偶极子天线：设计的宽带磁电偶子天线基于所提方法优化后工作在1.41GHz-3.83GHz，实现了92.4%(VSWR≤2)的相对带宽。

（2）基于水循环算法的阵列综合。存在阵列误差情况下，提出了一种基于水循环算法的低峰值旁瓣方向图综合和宽零点方向图综合方法。首先，将不可避免的阵列误差归结为幅相响应误差，并建立广义阵列误差信号模型。采用统计均值的方法对存在阵列误差情况下的旁瓣区域协方差矩阵进行精确计算，通过水循环算法优化阵列激励电流的幅度和相位，分别找出阵列误差存在情况下实现低峰值旁瓣方向图综合和宽零点方向图综合的最优权。采用信号处理技术与电磁仿真技术相结合的方式，验证以存在10%的阵列误差为例所得最优权的有效性。MATLAB仿真软件实验结果表明水循环算法具有快速寻优能力，能够在20次迭代内收敛。在固定阵元间距物理尺寸的前提下，以7GHz、8GHz、9GHz和10GHz四个频点为例：采用所求低旁瓣最优权时，波束的峰值旁瓣电平均能降至-21dB；采用宽零点最优权时，产生波束均能在目标角度范围形成期望的零点。在Ansoft HFSS仿真软件中，建立与MATLAB仿真对应的8阵元宽带线性磁电偶极子天线阵列以验证所得最优权在强互耦效应下的有效性：应用低峰值旁瓣最优权时，峰值旁瓣电平分别降低了6.6dB、4.4dB、7.2dB和5.0dB；应用宽零点最优权时，在期望角度区域内均生成了可接受的宽零点，峰值旁瓣电平分别降低了2.4dB、3.0dB、2.1dB和4.6dB。

As the forefront of the communication system, the performance of the antenna affects the quality of the entire communication system. The traditional antenna design method has the disadvantages of relying on the experience of antenna designers, long design time and low efficiency. The inevitable errors in practical applications will affect the beampattern performance of the array antenna, such as sidelobe level elevation, nulls shift or nulls level elevation. In view of the above problems, this thesis introduces the Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA) with better optimization effect, faster convergence speed and stronger stability into antenna design and array synthesis in the presence of array errors. The specific works are summarized as follows:

(1) Antenna design based on WCA. WCA-based antenna design via joint HFSS-MATLAB method is constructed, and three typical antennas are designed and optimized based on this method to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. 1) E-shaped patch antenna: the optimized E-shaped patch antenna based on the proposed method operates from 4.62GHz to 6.15GHz and achieves 28.41% (S₁₁≤-10dB) relative bandwidth. Compared with the optimization results of Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Differential Evolution Algorithm (DE), Self-adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm (SaDE), Wind Driven Optimization (WDO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), the bandwidth of the E-shaped patch antenna optimized is increased by 6.3%, 38.3%, 40.8%, 42.1% and 38.5%, respectively. 2) Traditional Magneto-Electric (ME) dipole antenna: the traditional ME dipole antenna optimized based on the proposed method operates from 1.51GHz to 3.56GHz and achieves 80.9% (VSWR≤1.5) relative bandwidth. Compared with the optimization results of the traditional antenna design method, the working bandwidth is increased by 84.7%, and the size is effectively reduced by 25.9%. Compared with the optimization results of GWO, the size is effectively reduced by 31.6%. 3) Bandwidth-enhanced ME dipole antenna: the optimized bandwidth-enhanced ME dipole antenna with simple structure based on the proposed method works from 1.41GHz to3.83GHz, and achieves 92.4% (VSWR≤2) relative bandwidth.

(2) Array synthesis based on WCA. In the presence of array errors, a WCA-based low peak sidelobe level (PSLL) and wide-nulling beampattern synthesis method is proposed. Firstly, the inevitable array errors are attributed to the amplitude and phase response errors, and the generalized array error signal model is established. The statistical mean method is used to accurately calculate the covariance matrix of sidelobe region (CMSR) in the presence of array errors. The amplitude and phase of the array excitation current are optimized by the WCA, and the optimal weight vectors for low-PSLL and wide-nulling beampattern synthesis are found in the presence of array errors respectively. The combination of signal processing technology and electromagnetic simulation technology is used to verify the effectiveness of the optimal weights obtained by taking the existence of 10% array errors. The experimental results of MATLAB simulation software show that the WCA has fast optimization ability and can converge within 20 iterations. Under the premise of fixing the physical size of the array element spacing, taking the four frequency points of 7GHz, 8GHz, 9GHz and 10GHz as examples: when the low-PSLL optimal weight vectors are applied, the PSLLs of the beampattern can be reduced to −21dB. When the wide-nulling optimal weight vectors are adopted, the generated beampattern can form the desired null(s) in the target angle range. In Ansoft HFSS simulation software, an 8-element broadband linear ME dipole antenna array corresponding to MATLAB simulation is established to verify the effectiveness of the obtained optimal weights under strong mutual coupling effect: when the low-PSLL optimal weight vectors are applied, the PSLLs are reduced by 6.6dB, 4.4dB, 7.2dB and 5.0dB, respectively. When the wide-nulling optimal weight vectors are used, acceptable wide-nulling(s) are generated in the desired angle region, and the PSLLs are reduced by 2.4dB, 3.0dB, 2.1dB and 4.6dB, respectively.

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