富油煤是一种集煤、油、气属性于一体的特殊矿产资源，通过热解可以产生半焦、焦油和煤气。然而不同成煤环境下的富油煤产出的焦油具有较大差异，甚至同一区域同一煤层的不同层位的焦油产率亦有较大差异。为了探索陕北地区富油煤的成煤环境及主要影响因素，本次研究以榆神矿区的曹家滩井田为研究对象，通过矿井下刻槽煤样和定向钻探煤样的方法采集了主采煤层2^-2煤的垂向剖面样品。对采集的样品开展了煤岩煤质、地球化学等分析，研究了2^-2煤层煤岩煤质、地球化学组成在垂向上的变化特征和规律，分析了2^-2煤层的成煤环境和指示成煤环境的煤相参数、地球化学参数与焦油产率间的关系，提出了富油煤在显微组分、无机元素组成等方面的主要特征和判识条件，揭示了曹家滩井田富油煤的主要控制因素。本次研究取得的主要成果如下：

（1）曹家滩井田主采煤层2^-2煤显微煤岩组成主要以惰质组为主、镜质组次之，矿物组成主要为方解石、白云石、黏土矿物和石英等；常量元素以Ca、Si、Fe、Al、S、Mg和Na为主；微量元素大部分为亏损状态，小部分处于正常状态，仅有Cs、Ba两个元素是轻度富集。稀土元素含量明显低于中国煤均值，稀土元素分配模型呈左高右低的“V”型曲线，反映物源来源一致和供应的稳定。2^-2煤层总体上属于低水分、低灰分产率、中高-高挥发分、特低-低硫、高发热量的富油煤。

（2）2^-2煤层主要形成于干燥森林沼泽和潮湿森林沼泽中，成煤植物以低木本植物为主，整体属于盐度略高、还原的陆相淡水成煤环境，水动力条件弱，沉积期以温湿和干热的半干热气候为主。垂向上，指示成煤环境的煤相参数、地球化学参数与焦油产率之间有明显的相关关系，结构保存指数（TPI）和植被指数（VI）与焦油产率呈负相关关系，凝胶化指数（GI）与焦油产率呈正相关关系，指示湿润气候的参数、指示还原环境的参数与焦油产率呈正相关关系，即凝胶化程度高、木本组织低、湿润深覆水的还原沼泽环境对焦油产率控制性强，还原程度越高越有利于富油煤的生成。

（3）通过富油煤的显微组分、无机元素组成特征判识分析，得出曹家滩井田2^-2煤中的富油煤主要分布范围是：镜质组含量>30%、惰质组含量<60%；煤相参数TPI值介于0.99~1.64、GI值介于0.63~1.76；常量元素Al₂O₃含量介于5%~15%、CaO含量介于13%~52%、Fe₂O₃含量介于0%~25%、MnO₂含量介于0%~0.6%；微量和稀土元素Sr/Ba<0.58、V/Zn<1.18、V/Cr>1.99、Ni/Co>3.43、（V+Ni）>0.82且Ce/La>1.55。即中高等含量镜质组、中高凝胶化程度、植物组织保存程度低、低木本组分、有适量的陆源碎屑物质供应、低盐度的还原环境更有利于富油煤的形成。

Tar-rich coal is a special mineral resource that integrates the properties of coal, oil and gas. It can produce semi-coke, tar and gas by pyrolysis. However, the tar produced by tar-rich coal under different coal-forming environment is very different, and even the tar yield of different strata of the same coal seam in the same region is also very different. In order to explore the coal-forming environment and main influencing factors of tar-rich coal in northern Shaanxi province, this study takes Caojiatan well field in Yusheng Mining area as the research object, and takes the vertical profile samples of 2^-2 coal in the main coal seam through the methods of coal groove sample and directional drilling sample. The collected samples were analyzed in terms of coal, rock and coal quality and geochemistry, and the characteristics and rules of vertical changes of coal, rock and coal quality and geochemical composition in 2^-2 coal seam were studied. The relationship between the coal-forming environment and the coal-phase parameters and geochemical parameters indicating the coal-forming environment of 2^-2 coal seam and the tar yield were analyzed. The main characteristics and identification conditions of tar-rich coal in terms of maceral and inorganic elements are presented, and the main controlling factors of tar-rich coal in Caojiatan well field are revealed. The main achievements of this study are as follows:

(1) 2^-2 coal seam is mainly formed in dry forest marshes and wet forest marshes, and the coal-forming plants are mainly low woody plants. The whole coal formation environment belongs to the terrestrial freshwater coal-forming environment with slightly high salinity and reduction. The hydrodynamic conditions are weak, and the sedimentary period is dominated by semi-dry hot climate with warm wet and dry hot. Vertical, coal phase parameters and geochemical parameters indicating coal-forming environment are significantly correlated with tar yield. Structure preservation index (TPI) and vegetation index (VI) are negatively correlated with tar yield, while gelling index (GI) is positively correlated with tar yield. The parameters indicating wet climate and reducing environment are positively correlated with tar yield, that is, the reducing swamp environment with high gelation degree, low woody tissue and wet deep water cover has strong control over tar yield, and the higher the reduction degree, the more favorable the formation of tar-rich coal.

(2) 2^-2 coal seam is mainly formed in dry forest marshes and wet forest marshes, and the coal-forming plants are mainly low woody plants. The whole coal formation environment belongs to the terrestrial freshwater coal-forming environment with slightly high salinity and reduction. The hydrodynamic conditions are weak, and the sedimentary period is dominated by semi-dry hot climate with warm wet and dry hot. Vertical, coal phase parameters and geochemical parameters indicating coal-forming environment are significantly correlated with tar yield. Structure preservation index (TPI) and vegetation index (VI) are negatively correlated with tar yield, while gelling index (GI) is positively correlated with tar yield. The parameters indicating wet climate and reducing environment are positively correlated with tar yield, that is, the reducing swamp environment with high gelation degree, low woody tissue and wet deep water cover has strong control over tar yield, and the higher the reduction degree, the more favorable the formation of tar-rich coal.

(3) According to the identification and analysis of the maceral and inorganic elements composition characteristics of tar-rich coal, the main distribution range of tar-rich coal in Caojiatan mine field 2^-2 is: vitrinite content >30%, inertinite content <60%; The TPI values of coal phase parameters are 0.99~1.64, and the GI values are 0.63~1.76. The content of Al₂O₃ is between 5% and 15%, the content of CaO is between 13% and 52%, the content of Fe₂O₃ is between 0% and 25%, and the content of MnO₂ is between 0% and 0.6%. Trace and rare earth elements Sr/Ba<0.58, V/Zn<1.18, V/Cr>1.99, Ni/Co>3.43, (V+Ni) >0.82 and Ce/La>1.55. That is, the medium and high content of vitrinite, the medium and high degree of gelation, the low degree of plant tissue preservation, the low woody component, and the moderate supply of terrigenous detritus, the reduction environment with low salinity is more conducive to the formation of tar-rich coal.

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