随着工业化进程的快速发展，所产生的含油废水对环境和人体健康构成了较大的威胁。然而，传统的油水分离技术均存在成本高、能耗大、分离效率低等不足之处，并且容易对生态环境造成二次污染。超润湿材料的设计为油水分离技术提供了一个新的思路，受自然界生物特殊润湿性表面的启发，研究人员设计并制备了一系列具有特殊润湿性的油水分离材料，例如除油型材料和除水型材料。然而，实际复杂环境下的含油废水大多具有较高的粘度，或含有多种危害性有机物，这使得单一润湿性材料无法满足日益提升的油水分离需求。因此功能化超润湿材料应运而生，它们能够克服单一润湿性材料的一些劣势。本文主要研究两种功能化超润湿材料，分别是pH双向响应型可切换润湿性织物和电热/光热转换型超疏水吸收棉，可实现多种有机组分的分离与高粘度油水混合物的分离。

基于目前的研究现状，本论文选择聚酯织物和脱脂棉为基底材料，借助自由基聚合得到的pH响应性化学组分，液相还原法得到具有电热/光热转换性能的复合颗粒和低表面能硅烷进行改性，制备得到了两种功能化超润湿材料。本文的主要内容分为以下两部分：

(1) 通过简单的自由基聚合法和浸涂法制备了一种pH双向响应型可切换润湿性织物。使用SiO₂和MgO颗粒在织物表面上构筑微纳米分层粗糙结构，并结合碱敏性共聚物、酸敏性氨基硅烷和低表面能硅烷修饰，从而获得改性织物。改性织物可在pH值为1–13的范围内实现润湿性可逆切换，可用于多种油水混合物的分离过程，分离效率超过98.8%，分离通量超过6400 L⋅m^-2⋅h^–1，以及三相油-水-油混合物的可控分离，同时表现出优异的机械耐久性与化学稳定性。此外，改性织物可以从苯酚/苯胺/苯甲醚有机组分混合体系中分离出苯酚和苯胺，分离效率分别为90.18%和90.84%。基于上述优势，制备的pH双向响应型可切换润湿性织物将在复杂环境下的油水分离领域具有广阔的应用前景。

(2) 通过液相还原法和分层组装法制备了一种电热/光热转换型超疏水吸收棉。制备的超疏水吸收棉负载了具有电热/光热转换性能的铜/碳微球复合颗粒，并结合了低表面能长链硅烷的修饰，其表面水接触角达到154°。超疏水吸收棉对于多种油水混合物的分离效率均超过98.3%。在太阳光照射45 s时超疏水吸收棉表面温度达到最高值，因此可用于原油/水混合物的吸收-去除过程。在外加电压下可实现高粘度油水混合物，低熔点固体油水混合物的吸收-去除过程以及原油/水混合物的快速分离过程。同时表现出优异的化学稳定性和可循环使用性。基于上述优势，所制备的超疏水吸收棉在高粘度油水分离和含油废水处理等领域具有广阔的应用前景。

With the rapid development of industrialization, oily wastewater has posed a great threat to environment and human health. However, the traditional oil-water separation technology has the disadvantages of high cost, high energy consumption, low separation efficiency, and easy to cause secondary pollution to the ecological environment. The design of superwetting materials provides a new idea for oil-water separation technology. Inspired by the special wettability of biological surfaces in nature, researchers have designed a series of oil-water separation materials with special wettability, such as oil removal type and water removal type materials. However, most oily wastewater has high viscosity and contains a variety of hazardous organic substances in the actual complex environment. The material with single wettability unable to meet the increasing demand of oil-water separation. Therefore, the functional superwetting materials which could overcome some disadvantages of the material with single wettability were emerged. In this thesis, two kinds of functional superwetting materials were fabricated, including the pH-bidirectional responsive fabric with switchable wettability and the superhydrophobic absorbent with electrothermal/photothermal conversion performance, which could realize the separation of multiple organic components and the separation of high viscosity oil-water mixture.

Based on the present research status, this thesis choose the polyester fabric and absorbent cotton as base materials, with the help of the pH-responsive chemical components synthesised by the radical polymerization, the electrothermal/photothermal conversion composite particles fabricated by liquid-phase reduction method, and the low surface energy modified agent to fabricate the functionalized superwetting materials. This thesis is segmented into the following two sections:

(1) The pH-bidirectional responsive fabric with switchable wettability was fabricated by simple free-radical polymerization and dip coating methods. SiO₂ and MgO particles were used to construct micro/nano layered rough structures on the fabric surface, and combined with alkali sensitive copolymer, acid sensitive amino silane and the modification of the silane with low surface energy to obtain the modified fabric. The modified fabric could achieve reversible wettability conversion in the pH range of 1–13, and be used for efficient separation of various oil-water mixtures and controlled separation of three-phase oil-water-oil mixtures. The separation efficiency and flux expectively exceeded 98.8% and 6400 L⋅m^-2⋅h^–1, while showing excellent mechanical durability and chemical stability. The modified fabric can separate phenol and aniline from phenol/aniline/anisole mixture system with the separation efficiency of  90.18% and 90.84%, respectively. In addition, the modified fabric could separate harmful organic components from the mixed system of multiple organic components. Based on the above advantages, the pH-bidirectional responsive fabric with switchable wettability would have a broad application prospect in the field of oil-water separation under complex environment.

(2) The superhydrophobic absorbent cotton with electrothermal/photothermal conversion performance was fabricated by liquid-phase reduction and layered assembly methods. The resulted superhydrophobic absorbent cotton was loaded with Cu/carbon microspheres composite particles with electrothermal/photothermal conversion performance and bonded with the modification of low surface energy long-chain silane. The water contact angle (WCA) of modified cotton reached 154°. The separation efficiency of superhydrophobic absorbent to a variety of oil and water mixtures exceeded 98.3%. The surface temperature of superhydrophobic absorbent cotton had reached the maximum value when the sunlight irradiated for 45 s, so it could be used in the absorption-removal process of crude oil/water mixture. The absorption-removal process of oil-water mixture with high-viscosity and low melting point solid oil-water mixture, and the fast separation process of crude oil/water mixture could be realized under applied low-voltage. At the same time, it exhibited excellent chemical stability and recyclability. Based on the above advantages, the fabricated superhydrophobic absorbent cotton would have a broad application prospect in the fields of high viscosity oil-water separation and oily wastewater treatment.

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