陕北侏罗纪煤层储量极为丰富，是国家优质煤炭资源的优先重点开发区。其中 6 m- 10 m 特厚煤层稳定储量大，埋深 330 m-450 m，特别适合大采高一次采全综合机械化开 采。实践中，大采高工作面上覆岩层中普遍赋存 2-3 组 10 m 以上厚硬砂岩组合岩层，其 采动断裂运动剧烈，给工作面回采巷道、煤柱系统造成了严重破坏，表现为巷道严重底 鼓达到 1 m-1.5 m，严重制约了大采高智能化工作面的运行安全。大采高煤层厚硬顶板组合破断问题，已经成为陕北侏罗纪煤层安全开采的重大隐患和难题之一。目前，对此 普遍开展了顶板水力压裂卸压治理，但治理参数不一，效果参次不齐。本文以小保当煤 矿大采高工作面厚硬顶板灾害治理工程为背景，综合运用理论分析、物理相似模拟、数 值计算、实验室试验、现场实践等方法，研究了上覆岩层厚硬顶板的赋存特征，针对性 地设计了相似模拟实验和悬臂岩板加载试验，揭示了侧向厚硬顶板悬臂断裂机理，演化 厚硬顶板侧向断裂结构场和应力场，提出了多孔协同水力压裂技术调控厚硬顶板断裂位 态，进而控制矿压显现的方法，主要研究工作和结论如下：

（1）研究了小保当煤矿 2 -2 号煤层大采高工作面上覆岩层赋存特征，将“厚硬顶板” 定义为具有相似运移规律且对回采有显著影响的单层或者多层岩层的组合体，组合体为 岩性相近的硬岩，且层间结构面胶结强度较高；以地质特征、力学性能、层面胶结强度、 岩层位置等为依据，识别出上覆岩层中，3-7 组岩层厚度 18.1 m 和 10-14 组岩层厚度 30.42 m 属于垮落带厚硬顶板，20-23 组岩层厚度 89.1 m 属于裂隙带厚硬顶板，24-27 组 岩层厚度 42.7 m 属于弯曲带厚硬顶板。

（2）物理相似模拟结果表明，临空侧覆岩断裂后形成悬臂斜台阶结构，其中垮落段 断裂线倾角 64°，裂隙段倾角 72°，弯曲段倾角 88°；相似模拟中大采高工作面两侧 断裂结构场为倒漏斗形，实际地表沉陷岩移结构场为正漏斗，相似模拟限于尺寸效应， 能够表征初采期间覆岩的运动规律，难以模拟厚硬顶板的二次断裂。

（3）设计了悬臂岩板加载和测控系统，模拟了不同厚度岩层、多层无胶结厚硬顶板 整体、多层无胶结厚硬顶板逐层、多层胶结厚硬顶板逐层和整体、短臂斜台阶结构整体 等的悬臂断裂特征，揭示了岩板间摩擦剪应力和胶结力是形成悬臂结构的关键因素；理论分析了悬臂结构形成和二次断裂机理，初始加载阶段，集中载荷主要用来克服胶结力， 尖端扩展到固定段边缘后，集中载荷主要用来克服岩板弯曲，胶结界面剥离应力逐渐减 小，当集中载荷形成的弯矩达到岩板断裂条件时，断裂沿着支撑零点线发生，当下部岩 板刚度较低或者胶结面黏结力较大时，胶结界面尖端尚未扩展到固定段，弯矩已经达到 岩板的断裂条件，断裂沿着剥离应力承载区尾部发生；演化了临空侧断裂结构场，上部 厚硬顶板弯曲刚度大于下部悬臂结构刚度且上部厚硬顶板载荷相对较小时，形成短臂斜 台阶结构，当上部厚硬顶板载荷相对较大且下部煤柱边缘尚在弹性区范围内，形成齐平 断裂结构，当厚硬岩层载荷绝对大，煤柱产生塑性变形和破坏，形成内错断裂结构，厚 硬顶板“O-X”断裂位置向外扩展，控制下部岩层再次断裂；阐明了大采高工作面侧向 厚硬顶板断裂后悬臂斜台阶结构和岩层移动最终位态方向相反的原因。

（4）基于钻孔弱面诱导悬臂岩板断裂试验和宏观断裂损伤理论，提出了岩层弱化 系数，推导了水力压裂弱面控制顶板断裂力学公式，当弱面位置弯矩与零点线的弯矩比 值大于弱化系数时，断裂优先在弱面发生。

（5）数值模拟了不同层位厚硬顶板、不同弱面倾角和层位对侧向支承应力的影响， 裂隙带范围的厚硬顶板对侧向支承应力影响最大，其次为垮落带，最后为弯曲带，致灾 应力源于裂隙带厚硬岩层；弱面调控效果以垮落带最优，裂隙带次之，弯曲带最差；同 一层位弱面中，倾角小于 75°，悬臂较长卸压效果较差，倾角大于 75°，难以诱导断裂， 倾向工作面方向 75°与倾向煤柱方向 75°的组合弱面效果最佳。

（6）研究了水力压裂裂缝扩展影响因素，基于缝间干扰原理，采用多孔协同压裂， 先两侧钻孔压裂并保压偏转孔间局部应力场，中间钻孔滞后压裂，裂缝沿着局部应力场 最大主应力方向扩展，连通两侧裂缝形成缝网结构；按照高压预裂，低压软化原则，形 成沿着工作面巷道走向的弱面体，组合弱面体通过两次诱导厚硬顶板断裂，控制工作面 侧向矿压显现。

（7）小保当煤矿 112203 大采高工作面厚硬顶板压裂实践表明，采用多孔协同压裂 工艺后，煤柱应力平均降低 57%，顶底板移近量平均减小51.25%，两帮移近量平均减小 51.28%。

论文研究成果为大采高工作面厚硬顶板控制提供了依据，进一步完善水力压裂精 准控制岩层断裂工程技术，减少大面积压裂成本，节能增效，对现场实践具有指导意义。

该论文有图 196 幅，表 38 个，参考文献 190 篇。

The Jurassic coal seams in Northern Shaanxi possess extremely abundant reserves and represent a priority development zone for national high-quality coal resources. Among these, the stable reserves of 6-10 m ultra-thick coal seams buried at depths of 330-450 m are particularly suitable for fully-mechanized intelligent mining with full-seam height. In practice, the roof strata of large-height mining faces typically contain 2-3 groups of thick-hard sandstone composite strata exceeding 10 m in thickness. The intense mining-induced fracture movement of these strata creates varying periodic weighting cycles at the working face, causing severe damage to gateways and pillar systems, manifested as serious floor heave reaching 1-1.5 m, which significantly restricts the operational safety of intelligent large-height mining faces. The fracture problem of thick-hard roof composite strata in large-height mining has become one of the major hidden dangers and challenges for safe mining in Jurassic coal seams of Northern Shaanxi. Currently, hydraulic fracturing for roof pressure relief has been widely implemented, but there are inconsistencies in treatment parameters and varying effectiveness levels, with a lack of systematic research on the pressure relief mechanism of thick-hard roofs in large-height mining faces based on hydraulic fracturing. Taking the thick-hard roof disaster control project in the large-height mining face of Xiaobaodang Coal Mine as background, this study comprehensively applies theoretical analysis, physical similarity simulation, numerical calculation, laboratory testing, and field practice to investigate the occurrence characteristics of overlying thick-hard roof strata. Targeted similarity simulation experiments and cantilever rock plate loading tests were designed, revealing the lateral cantilever fracture mechanism of thick-hard roofs. By analyzing the evolutionary structural and stress fields of lateral fractures in thick-hard roofs, a multi-borehole collaborative hydraulic fracturing technology was proposed to regulate fracture positions and patterns of thick-hard roofs, thereby controlling strata pressure manifestation. The main research work and conclusions are as follows:

(1) The occurrence characteristics of overlying strata above the No. 2-2 coal seam at Xiaobaodang Mine were studied. The "thick hard roof" was defined as a combination of single or multiple rock layers with similar movement patterns and significant impacts on mining, composed of hard rocks with comparable lithology and high interlayer bonding strength. Based on geological features, mechanical properties, bedding bonding strength, and stratigraphic positions, the overlying strata were classified: 3–7 layers (total thickness 18.1 m) as caving zone thick hard roofs, 10–14 layers (30.42 m) as fractured zone thick hard roofs, and 24–27 layers (42.7 m) as bending zone thick hard roofs.

(2) Physical similarity simulations revealed that after goaf-side overburden fractures, a cantilevered oblique-stepped structure forms, with fracture line angles of 64° in the caving zone, 72° in the fractured zone, and 88° in the bending zone. The simulated fracture structural field exhibited an inverted funnel shape, contrasting with the actual surface subsidence’s upright funnel structure. Due to scale effects, the simulation only captured initial overburden movement during early mining stages, failing to replicate secondary fractures in thick hard roofs.

(3) A cantilever rock plate loading and monitoring system was developed to simulate fracture characteristics under various conditions: single/multi-layer unbonded thick roofs, bonded multi-layer roofs, and short-arm oblique-stepped structures. Frictional shear stress and bonding forces between rock plates were identified as key factors in cantilever formation. Theoretical analysis showed that during initial loading, concentrated loads primarily overcome bonding forces. After crack tips extend to fixed boundaries, loads dominate plate bending while bonding stresses diminish. Fractures initiate along zero-moment support lines when bending moments reach critical values. If lower plates exhibit low stiffness or high bonding strength, fractures occur at the trailing edge of stress-bearing zones before crack tips reach boundaries. Structural field evolution demonstrated that when upper thick roof bending stiffness exceeds lower cantilever stiffness under low loads, short-arm oblique-stepped structures form. Higher upper loads with coal pillars in elastic zones produce flush fractures, while extreme loads inducing pillar plasticity lead to staggered fractures. The "O-X" fracture positions expand outward, controlling subsequent lower-layer fractures. The opposing directions of cantilevered oblique-stepped structures and final strata movement were elucidated.

(4) Based on borehole-induced weak plane fracture tests and macroscopic fracture damage theory, a strata weakening coefficient was proposed. Hydraulic fracturing mechanics formulas were derived: fractures preferentially initiate at weak planes when the moment ratio between weak plane and zero-line exceeds the weakening coefficient.

(5) Numerical simulations quantified impacts of thick roof strata positions, weak plane dip angles, and orientations on lateral abutment stresses. Fractured zone thick roofs exerted the greatest influence on abutment stresses, followed by caving and bending zones. Weak planes in the caving zone achieved optimal pressure relief (75° dip toward working face or coal pillar), while excessively shallow/steep angles reduced effectiveness.

(6) The influencing factors of hydraulic fracture propagation were investigated. Based on the principle of fracture interference, a multi-borehole collaborative fracturing approach was implemented. This involved first conducting fracturing in lateral boreholes while maintaining pressure to deflect the local stress field between holes, followed by delayed fracturing in central boreholes. Under this configuration, fractures propagated along the direction of maximum principal stress in the local stress field, ultimately forming a networked fracture structure. Following the principle of "high-pressure pre-fracturing and low-pressure softening", weak structural planes were created along the strike of working face roadways. These combined weak planes induced two-stage fracturing of the thick-hard roof, effectively controlling the lateral strata pressure manifestation at the working face.

(7) Field trials at Xiaobaodang’s 112203 working face demonstrated that collaborative multi-borehole fracturing reduced average pillar stress by 57%, roof-floor convergence by 51.25%, and rib convergence by 51.28%.

This research establishes a theoretical foundation for thick hard roof control in large mining height working faces, advances precision hydraulic fracturing technologies, reduces large-scale fracturing costs, and enhances energy efficiency, providing significant guidance for practical engineering applications.

This dissertation contains 196 figures, 38 tables, and 190 references.

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