非正式组织在煤矿工人群体中广泛存在，但关于其对煤矿工人不安全行为的影响尚缺乏针对性探讨。群体动力理论以群体和群体关系作为研究对象，使得从群体间的关系去把握行为的变化过程成为可能。因此，相关研究成果能对不安全行为的研究内容进行部分补充，并有助于提升企业管理者对非正式组织影响的认识程度，管控建议的提出也能在一定程度上丰富煤矿工人不安全行为管理对策。

本文通过综合运用理论演绎、逻辑推理、问卷调查、结构方程模型（StructuralEquationModel，SEM）、系统动力学（SystemDynamics，SD）、仿真模拟等分析方法，开展关于非正式组织群体动力对煤矿工人不安全行为影响的研究，以实现降低煤矿工人不安全行为发生概率的目的。具体研究内容包括：在概述煤矿工人非正式组织、群体动力、行为发生等理论的基础上，确定影响煤矿工人不安全行为的群体动力要素和心理因素，以提出非正式组织群体动力对煤矿工人不安全行为的作用机理，构建非正式组织群体动力对煤矿工人不安全行为影响的理论模型；结合研究需求和研究对象的实际情况，设计调查问卷以开展实证研究，并通过对收集数据的统计分析，应用SEM实现对理论模型的检验与修正，从而确定最终的理论模型；根据实证结果，应用系统动力学理论和VensimPLE软件，在构建非正式组织群体动力对煤矿工人不安全行为SD模型，以及确定变量方程和初值后，开展仿真模拟，根据仿真结果提出非正式组织群体动力视角下煤矿工人不安全行为的管控建议。

研究结果表明，煤矿工人群体中广泛存在着因兴趣爱好、地缘等因素形成的非正式组织，从而会从非正式群体规范、非正式群体压力、非正式群体凝聚力、非正式群体沟通和非正式群体激励五个方面产生影响煤矿工人不安全行为的群体动力，并通过直接或作用于煤矿工人的情绪状态和安全态度而间接影响煤矿工人不安全行为，且在影响程度上非正式群体沟通最高、非正式群体规范最低。由此可知，群体工作环境下的煤矿工人不安全行为都会受到群体动力影响，但在非正式组织群体动力要素对不安全行为作用路径上和作用强度上存在一定差异。

Informal organizations exist widely in coal miners, but there is still a lack of targeted discussion on their impact on coal miners' unsafe behavior. Group dynamics theory takes groups and group relations as the research object, which makes it possible to grasp the change process of behavior from the relationship between groups. Therefore, the relevant research results can partially supplement the research content of unsafe behavior, and help to improve the enterprise managers' understanding of the impact of informal organizations. The proposal of control suggestions can also enrich the management countermeasures of unsafe behavior of coal miners to a certain extent.

Through the comprehensive use of theoretical deduction, logical reasoning, questionnaire survey, Structural Equation Model(SEM), System Dynamics(SD), simulation and other analysis methods, carry out the research on the impact of informal organization group dynamics on coal miners’ unsafe behavior, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing the probability of coal miners’ unsafe behavior. The specific research contents include: on the basis of summarizing the theories of informal organization, group dynamics and behavior occurrence of coal miners, determining the group dynamics elements and psychological factors affecting coal miners’ unsafe behavior, putting forward the action mechanism of informal organization group dynamics on coal miners’ unsafe behavior, and construct the theoretical model of the impact of informal organization group dynamics on coal miners’ unsafe behavior; Combined with the research needs and the actual situation of the research object, a questionnaire is designed to carry out empirical research. Through the statistical analysis of the collected data, SEM is used to test and modify the theoretical model, so as to determine the final theoretical model; According to the empirical results, using the system dynamics theory and Vensim PLE software, after constructing the SD model of informal organization group dynamics on coal miners’ unsafe behavior, and determining the variable equation and initial value, carry out the simulation, and put forward the management and control suggestions of coal miners’ unsafe behavior from the Perspective of informal organization group dynamics according to the simulation results.

The results show that informal organizations formed by interests, hobbies, geography, and other factors widely exist in coal miners, which will produce group dynamics affecting coal miners’ unsafe behavior from five aspects: informal group norms, informal group pressure, informal group cohesion, informal group communication, and informal group incentive, And indirectly affect the unsafe behavior of coal miners by directly or acting on the emotional state and safety attitude of coal miners, and the informal group communication is the highest and the informal group norms are the lowest. It can be seen that the unsafe behavior of coal miners in the group working environment will be affected by group dynamics, but there are some differences in the action path and intensity of group dynamics elements of informal organizations on unsafe behavior.

[1] Zhang H, Wang D X, Wang Q F. Analysis of the characteristic features of major severe coal mining accidents in all over the country in the period of 2005 to 2016[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2019,19(5),1847-1852.

[2] Ruipeng Tong, Yanwei Zhang, Pengcheng Cui, et al. Characteristic analysis of unsafe behavior by coal miners: multi-dimensional description of the pan-scene data[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2018,15(8):1608-1626.

[3] Cheng L, Guo H, Lin H. The influence of leadership behavior on miners’ work safety behavior[J]. Safety Science, 2020,132(2):104-111.

[4] Haslam R A, Hide S A, Gibb A G F, et al. Contributing factors in construction accidents[J]. Applied ergonomics, 2005,36(4):401-415.

[5] 杨晓艳.煤矿瓦斯事故中人的不安全行为研究[D].安徽理工大学,2009.

[6] 李磊,田水承,邓军,等.矿工不安全行为影响因素分析及控制对策[J].西安科技大学学报,2011,31(6):794-798+813.

[7] Li H, Lu M, Hsu S C, et al. Proactive behavior-based safety management for construction safety improvement[J]. Safety Science, 2015,75(June):107-117.

[8] 安景文,赵嘉丽,王金鹤,等.基于ANP-MEA模型的煤矿工人不安全行为评价[J].煤矿安全, 2018,49(8):303-306+309.

[9] 张景钢,王胜男,杨泽灏,等.基于布拉德利曲线与BBS干预的煤矿工人不安全行为分析[J].煤矿安全, 2019,50(10):243-247.

[10] Rigby L V. Nature of human error[R]. Sandia Labs., Albuquerque, N.Mex., 1970.

[11] Reason J. Human error[M]. Cambridge university press, 1990.

[12] Mason S. Procedural violations–causes, costs and cures[J]. Human factors in safety-critical systems, 1997,1(12):287-318.

[13] 刘志云.人的不安全行为分析[J].中南工学院学报,1999,13(2):183-185.

[14] 陈红,祁慧,谭慧.中国煤矿重大瓦斯爆炸事故中的人因及度量[J].科技导报,2005,23(10):41-44.

[15] 曹庆仁,李爽,宋学锋.煤矿员工的“知-能-行”不安全行为模式研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(12):19-25.

[16] Aksorn T, Hadikusumo B H W. The unsafe acts and the decision-to-err factors of Thai construction workers[J]. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 2007,12(1):1-25.

[17] Fam I M, Nikoomaram H, Soltanian A. Comparative analysis of creative and classic training methods in health, safety and environment (HSE) participation improvement[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2012,25(2):250–253.

[18] Stratman J L, Youssef-Morgan C M. Can positivity promote safety? Psychological capital development combats cynicism and unsafe behavior[J]. Safety science, 2019,116(2):13-25.

[19] Yu K, Cao Q, Xie C, et al. Analysis of intervention strategies for coal miners’ unsafe behaviors based on analytic network process and system dynamics[J]. Safety Science, 2019,118(5):145-157.

[20] Leigh J P. Economic burden of occupational injury and illness in the United States[J]. The Milbank Quarterly, 2011,89(4):728-772.

[21] 曹家琳,傅贵.煤与瓦斯突出事故不安全动作分类研究[J].煤矿安全,2016,47(9):240-242+246.

[22] 王莉.大五人格特质与矿工工作倦怠的关系研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2015,25(5):20-24.

[23] Zhang Y, Shao W, Zhang M, et al. Analysis 320 coal mine accidents using structural equation modeling with unsafe conditions of the rules and regulations as exogenous variables[J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2016,92(7):189-201.

[24] 李红霞,李思琦.煤矿工人安全认知与不安全行为关系研究[J].煤矿安全,2017,48(11):233-236.

[25] Qiao W, Liu Q, Li X, et al. Using data mining techniques to analyze the influencing factor of unsafe behaviors in Chinese underground coal mines[J]. Resources Policy, 2018,59(7):210-216.

[26] Chen Z, Qiao G, Zeng J. Study on the relationship between worker states and unsafe behaviours in coal mine accidents based on a bayesian networks model[J]. Sustainability, 2019,11(18):50-66.

[27] 庞晓华,姚秀文,栗继祖.煤矿工人工作压力与不安全行为关系:风险偏好水平中介和调节作用[J].中国公共卫生,2019,35(9):1254-1256.

[28] 王建国,傅文,王延秋.不同级别噪声对矿工生理指标及行为能力的影响研究[J].矿业安全与环保,2019,46(1):99-103.

[29] Rubin M, Giacomini A, Allen R, et al. Identifying safety culture and safety climate variables that predict reported risk-taking among australian coal miners: an exploratory longitudinal study[J]. Safety science, 2020,123(10):104-119.

[30] Fa Z, Li X, Qiu Z, et al. From correlation to causality: Path analysis of accident-causing factors in coal mines from the perspective of human, machinery, environment and management[J]. Resources Policy, 2021,73(6):157-168.

[31] 田水承,赵雪萍,黄欣,等.基于进化博弈论的矿工不安全行为干预研究[J].煤矿安全,2013,44(8):231-234.

[32] 栗继祖,陈新国,撖动.ABC分析法在煤矿安全管理中的应用研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2014,24(7):140-145.

[33] Meng X, Liu Q, Luo X, et al. Risk assessment of the unsafe behaviours of humans in fatal gas explosion accidents in China’s underground coal mines[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019,210(10):970-976.

[34] Tong R, Yang X, Li H, et al. Dual process management of coal miners’ unsafe behaviour in the Chinese context: evidence from a meta-analysis and inspired by the JD-R model[J]. Resources Policy, 2019,62(3):205-217.

[35] Cao Q, Yu K, Zhou L, et al. In-depth research on qualitative simulation of coal miners’ group safety behaviors[J]. Safety science, 2019,113:210-232.

[36] Wang C, Wang J, Wang X, et al. Exploring the impacts of factors contributing to unsafe behavior of coal miners[J]. Safety science, 2019,115(3):339-348.

[37] 许素睿.基于蒙特卡罗法的煤矿工人不安全行为风险评估[J].中国安全科学学报,2020,30(4):172-178.

[38] Cartwright D. Achieving change in people: some applications of group dynamics theory[J]. Human Relations, 1951,4(4):381-392.

[39] 毛海峰.企业安全管理群体行为与动力理论探讨[J].中国安全科学学报,2004,14(1):45-49.

[40] 张富有.利用群体动力理论开展企业安全工作[J].中国煤炭,2007,33(4):65-66.

[41] 刘伟华,曹庆贵,王帅.群体动力学在作业安全标准化推进中的应用探讨[J].工业安全与环保,2016(8):47-49.

[42] 祁慧,张明阳,陈红.群体规范对矿工违章行为的作用机制研究[J].煤矿安全,2018,49(9):293-296.

[43] Merlin M D, Lavoie S, Gallagher F. Elements of group dynamics that influence learning in small groups in undergraduate students: A scoping review[J]. Nurse education today, 2020,87(43):362-371.

[44] 李妙慧,栗继祖.群体动力对矿工不安全行为意向的影响研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2021,31(7):48-55.

[45] Cheng C, Yu C. Opinion dynamics with bounded confidence and group pressure[J]. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2019,532(8):121-142.

[46] 邹霞,谢金文.群体压力对微信用户信息分享行为的影响研究[J].新闻大学,2019(9):69-82+120.

[47] Riasudeen S, Singh P, Kannadhasan M. The role of job satisfaction behind the link between group cohesion, collective efficacy, and life satisfaction[J]. Psychological Studies, 2019,64(4):401-410.

[48] 那赟,栗继祖,冯国瑞.群体认知对个体不安全行为意向的跨层次影响[J].中国安全科学学报,2019,29(2):13-19.

[49] Esakia A, Mccrickard S, Harden S, et al. Using smartwatches to facilitate a group dynamics-based statewide physical activity intervention[J]. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 2020,142(9):501-563.

[50] 倪清清,谢媛芳,李华,等.建筑工人群体安全压力因子的构建与评价方法[J].土木工程与管理学报,2020,37(1):146-152.

[51] 唐玲玲,张云波,祁神军,等.正式群体安全氛围对建筑工人从众性不安全行为的影响[J].华侨大学学报(自然科学版),2020,41(1):26-31.

[52] 李琰,于瑾慧,田水承.基于扎根理论的矿工不安全行为成本和收益识别[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2017,13(9):158-162.

[53] 宋晨.中国情境下非正式组织的形成与本质——自组织理论的视角[J].财经问题研究,2019(12):12-20.

[54] 李国梁.非正式组织理论的渊源探析[J].前沿,2013(16):18-21.

[55] Roethlisberger F J, Dickson W J. Management and the Worker[M]. Psychology press, 2003.

[56] Smith-Doerr L, Powell W W. Networks and economic life[J]. The handbook of economic sociology, 2005,2(3):379-402.

[57] Manuti A, Pastore S, Scardigno A F, et al. Formal and informal learning in the workplace: a research review[J]. International Journal of Training & Development, 2015,19(1):1-17.

[58] Hackett E J, Parker J N. Ecology Reconfigured: Organizational Innovation, Group Dynamics and Scientific Change[M]. Springer International Publishing, 2016.

[59] 刘世杰,李书全.施工组织非正式网络结构特征与组织安全行为的关系研究[J].安全与环境学报,2021,21(1):240-249.

[60] 李磊,李睿涵,支梅,等.基于非正式组织视角的煤矿工人不安全行为致因研究[J].煤矿安全,2022,53(1):252-256.

[61] Tranberg M, Andersson M, Nilbert M, et al. Co-afflicted but invisible: A qualitative study of perceptions among informal caregivers in cancer care[J]. Journal of health psychology, 2021,26(11):1850-1859.

[62] 肖妮.企业中非正式组织的特征及其影响[J].商场现代化,2012(31):98-99.

[63] 杨柳,张志芳.现代社会治理视域下非正式组织行为的群体征象与走向引领[J].宁夏社会科学,2020(3):40-45.

[64] Smedlund A, Choi E W. The contingent effect of work roles on brokerage in professional organizations[J]. Connections, 2020,39(1):1-13.

[65] Gaikwad A. Importance of informal groups in an organization for team cohesiveness-A case study approach[J]. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 2019, 9(6):352-357.

[66] 曹璐.基于人性化的组织设计研究[J].智库时代,2019(26):240-241.

[67] 孙玮苑.高校非正式组织在研究生管理工作中的应用[J].文化创新比较研究,2018,2(33):105-106.

[68] 楚凤艳,吴丹.互联网企业中的非正式组织优劣势与治理对策——以企业文化与“熟人社会”为视角的分析[J].经营与管理,2018(8):51-53.

[69] 张益民,豆志杰.关于非正式组织的研究综述[J].经济研究导刊,2019(1):190-191+199.

[70] 朱艳,朱鸿娜.非正式团体的管理策略[J].智库时代,2019(4):73-74.

[71] Xiong L, King C. Too much of a good thing? Examining how proactive personality affects employee brand performance under formal and informal organizational support[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2018,68(7):12-22.

[72] Inju Yang, Sven Horak. Formal and informal practices in contemporary Korean management[J]. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2019,30(22):3113-3137.

[73] 王鹭,张文仙.我国酒店非正式组织管理研究浅议[J].商业经济,2020,44(3):114-115.

[74] 曾雪薇.如何利用非正式组织优化企业的生产和管理[J].全国流通经济,2019,34(8):72-73.

[75] Abdirad M, Shahrabi J. Detecting informal organization through data mining techniques[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv, 2020,20(9):28-46.

[76] Verbrugge T. Adaptive organizations: The informal organization reinvented[J]. Ghent University, 2016,48(7):82-136.

[77] 夏文秀.企业非正式组织研究[M].浙江人民出版社,2010.

[78] 王文涛.矿工非正式组织对不安全行为的影响研究[D].西安科技大学,2021.

[79] 李树刚.安全科学原理[M].西北工业大学出版社,2014.

[80] Craver C, Tabery J. Mechanisms in science[J]. Center for the Study of Language and Information Stanford University 2015,10(3):70-81.

[81] Baucum M, John R. Causal evidence in risk and policy perceptions: applying the covariation/mechanism framework[J]. Acta psychologica, 2018,186(3):90-103.

[82] Li J Z, Zhang Y P, Wang X J, et al. Relationship research between subjective well-being and unsafe behavior of coal miners[J]. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 2017,13(11):7215-7221.

[83] 田水承,杨鹏飞,李磊,等.矿工不良情绪影响因素及干预对策研究[J].矿业安全与环保,2016,43(6):99-102.

[84] Ajzen I. Consumer attitudes and behavior: the theory of planned behavior applied to food consumption decisions[J]. Italian Review of Agricultural Economics, 2015,70(2):121-138.

[85] Mohammadfam I, Ghasemi F, Kalatpour O, et al. Constructing a bayesian network model for improving safety behavior of employees at workplaces[J]. Applied ergonomics, 2017,58(6):35-47.

[86] Terry P C, Carron A V, Pink M J, et al. Perceptions of group cohesion and mood in sport teams[J]. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2000,4(3):244-253.

[87] Taylor J. An exploration of food safety culture in a multi-cultural environment: next steps?[J]. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 2011,3(5):455-466.

[88] 李焕.情绪与矿工不安全行为关系实验研究[D].西安科技大学,2015.

[89] Lu C S, Hsu C N, Lee C H. The impact of seafarers’ perceptions of national culture and leadership on safety attitude and safety behavior in dry bulk shipping[J]. International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, 2016,4(3):75-87.

[90] Monazzam M R, Soltanzadeh A. The relationship between the worker’s safety attitude and the registered accidents[J]. Journal of research in health sciences, 2009,9(1):17-20.

[91] Shin M, Lee H S, Park M, et al. A system dynamics approach for modeling construction workers’ safety attitudes and behaviors[J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2014,68(7):95-105.

[92] 杨振宏,李盼,王文杰.基于社会认知理论的事故体验对矿工不安全行为影响研究[J].安全与环境学报,2021,21(4):1607-1614.

[93] Greer L L. Group cohesion: then and now[J]. Small Group Research, 2012,43(6):655-661.

[94] Festinger L, Schachter S, Back K. Social pressures in informal groups; a study of human factors in housing[J]. 1950,30(4):348-388.

[95] Hagstrom W O, Selvin H C. Two dimensions of cohesiveness in small groups[J]. Sociometry, 1965,28(1):30-43.

[96] Martens R, Peterson J A. Group cohesiveness as a determinant of success and member satisfaction in team performance[J]. International review of sport sociology, 1971,6(1):49-61.

[97] Zaccaro S J, Lowe C A. Cohesiveness and performance on an additive task: evidence for multidimensionality[J]. The Journal of Social Psychology, 1988,128(4):547-558.

[98] Zaccaro S J, McCoy M C. The effects of task and interpersonal cohesiveness on performance of a disjunctive group task 1[J]. Journal of applied social psychology, 1988,18(10):837-851.

[99] 惠璐.不安全情绪对矿工风险决策影响的实验研究[D].西安科技大学,2018.

[100] 李乃文,郭利霞.基于Multi-agent的矿工情绪稳定性模型构建[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2014,10(12):172-177.

[101] 张玉婷,魏晓昕,栗继祖.煤矿工人特质焦虑状况与不安全心理研究[J].煤矿安全,2015,46(7):245-248.

[102] 李广利,田水承,严一知,等.矿工关键不安全情绪识别研究[J].西安科技大学学报,2021,41(5):793-799.

[103] 祁神军,成家磊,黄芹芹,等.安全态度、安全能力、不安全动机对建筑工人不安全行为的发生机理[J].华侨大学学报(自然科学版),2018,39(5):669-674.

[104] 来延肖,张梦鸽,徐晟.施工人员安全态度及其组分对行为的影响[J].土木工程与管理学报,2019,36(2):74-80.

[105] 姚明亮,祁神军,张云波,等.管理安全干预对建筑工人不安全行为的影响及对策[J].华侨大学学报(自然科学版),2020,41(5):605-611.

[106] 齐晓云,刘杰.机场火灾旅客安全态度、风险感知与非适应性疏散行为的关系研究[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2021,17(10):46-52.

[107] W Y Zhu, J H Gao. Analysis and result confirmation of cohesive subgroup structure among classmates[C]//. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management Science,2015:761-764.

[108] Saaty T L. Decision making—the analytic hierarchy and network processes (AHP/ANP)[J]. Journal of systems science and systems engineering, 2004,13(1):1-35.

[109] Fogarty G J, Shaw A. Safety climate and the theory of planned behavior: towards the prediction of unsafe behavior[J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2010,42(5):1455-1459.

[110] 邱梦娟,祁神军,张云波,等.非正式群体凝聚力和沟通对建筑工人不安全行为的影响[J].华侨大学学报(自然科学版),2021,42(2):182-188.