我国西部矿区煤炭可采层数多、煤层厚且埋藏相对较浅，部分地表为基岩沟谷地貌，特点为地表峰谷高差悬殊且覆岩含有多个关键层。基岩沟谷地表以上采动坡体变形过程中水平移动特征显著，对矿井安全高效生产和地表环境保护造成不利影响。本文综合运用理论分析、模型实验、数值分析和现场实测等多种研究方法，以宁夏白芨沟煤矿为背景对基岩沟谷矿区浅埋厚煤层分层开采覆岩破坏及矿压显现规律进行了系统地分析。主要研究成果如下：

（1）建立了基本顶薄板和关键层中厚板破断力学模型。依据建立的模型给出了顶板挠度、弯矩、剪力和主应力计算公式，分析了基本顶裂隙发育演化特征、破断模式和破断距影响因素。地表地形起伏变化会改变基本顶的破断顺序、破断位置和破断距。随着岩层厚度的增加，岩层的破断力学机制表现出由拉破断向剪切破断模式转变的演化规律，厚岩层易剪切破断造成覆岩整体切落而发生动载矿压现象。

（2）研究了基岩沟谷地形采动覆岩变形运移规律。沟谷地表以下采动覆岩层状破断形成“砌体梁”结构，以垂向沉降运移为主；沟谷地表以上采动坡体以“多边块”结构形式回转运动，水平移动特征明显，主要破坏特征为沟谷地表开裂隆起、坡体产生地表下行裂缝以及坡脚岩层滑移。不同开采阶段采动坡体稳定性依次为：沟谷开采﹥出山开采﹥进山开采。此外，本文还通过离散元数值方法分析了不同沟谷参数和开采参数对坡体变形破坏规律的影响。

（3）研究了基岩沟谷采动覆岩裂隙发育演化规律。模型实验结果表明，首分层开采时地表下行裂缝和顶板上行裂隙同时发育；下分层开采时地裂缝不再产生，已有裂缝处于“扩张-闭合-再扩张-再闭合”的循环发展过程，新生裂隙以顶板上行垂向裂隙为主。现场实测结果表明，基岩沟谷地形坡体地裂缝以拉伸型为主，多发育于坡度陡然变化的地形过渡带且与等高线走向大致平行，空间分布受地形地貌和坡体回转运动影响大，相比沙土质沟谷发育演化速率更快且存在永久性开裂裂缝，产生时间和裂缝间距与工作面来压时间和来压步距有较好的对应性。

（4）提出了基岩沟谷地形关键层判别方法及采动覆岩垂向分带模型。层序完整性是基岩沟谷地形关键层承载能力和覆岩运移剧烈程度的主要影响因素，据此提出了沟谷地形强、弱关键层的定义并给出了判别方法。层序缺失关键层无法有效传递水平应力，为弱关键层，反之为强关键层。高位层序缺失关键层回转运动会限制裂隙发育，采动覆岩呈现“两带”或新“三带”，即垮落带、裂隙带和回转下沉带。

（5）研究了基岩沟谷地形浅埋工作面动载矿压显现机理。进山开采阶段，“多边块”随块度的增加和回转空间的减小易发生切落失稳，其下方基本顶“砌体梁”结构承压破坏，工作面发生动载矿压且危险性越来越强。工作面位于山体下时，按动、静载矿压显现危险程度划分为极度危险区、重度危险区、中度危险区和弱影响区。在分析基岩沟谷地形浅埋厚煤层工作面开采顶板破断特征、失稳运移形式的基础上，建立了工作面支架-围岩相互作用关系力学模型，给出了支架动、静载荷以及支护阻力的计算方法，为支架的合理选型及顶板控制提供理论依据。

（6）建立了沟谷地形工作面超前支承应力计算模型。沟谷地形下超前支承应力由地表以下覆岩自重应力、基本顶传递应力和坡体覆岩自重应力组成。进山开采阶段，超前支承应力峰值点距工作面煤壁 6 ~ 18 cm，应力峰值大小随采动范围的增加不断升高；出山开采阶段，应力升高区范围在 33 ~ 41 cm 之间，峰值点距工作面煤壁 6 ~16 cm。不同开采阶段，采空区覆岩应力依次呈“W”形、“V”形、“√”形和“波浪”形。

（7）提出了基岩沟谷浅埋煤层开采动载矿压防治对策。明确了关键层判定、采场稳定性评估、支架适应性评估以及矿压监测与预报等动载矿压预测手段；提出了合理布置工作面、合理布置采煤顺序、加强支架工作、强化围岩控制以及实时监测监控等防治措施。

There are many coal seams that can be mined in the northwest of China, which are thick and buried shallowly, and some coal mine have a bedrock valley landform on the surface, characterized by significant differences in peak valley height and multiple critical strata in the overburden. The horizontal movement of the slope above the surface of the bedrock gully is more significant, which have adverse effects on the safe and efficient production of mines and surface environmental protection. The paper comprehensively applies various research methods such as theoretical analysis, physical simulation experiments, numerical simulation experiments, and on-site measurements to systematically analyze the failure law of overburden during layered mining of shallow and thick coal seams in bedrock valley, taking the Baijigou coal mine in Ningxia as the background. The main results were as follows:

(1) The fracture mechanics models of main roof thin plate and critical stratum medium thick plate were established. Based on the established model, formulas for calculating the deflection, bending moment, shear force, and principal stress of the roof were provided. The influence of surface undulation and the rotational of the slope on the main roof fracture was studied. And the evolution characteristics of main roof fractures, fracture modes, and factors affecting the weighting step distance were analyzed. Changes in terrain can alter the breaking sequence, position, and distance of main roof. As the thickness of the rock layer increases, the evolutionary of the fracture mechanics mechanism of the rock layer is from tensile to shear. Thick rock layers are prone to shear fracture resulting in the dynamic impact.

(2) The deformation and transportation laws of overburden caused by mining in bedrock valley terrain were studied. The layered fractures of the overburden caused by mining below the surface of the valley form the voussoir beam structure, mainly characterized by vertical settlement. The slope above the surface of the valley caused by mining rotates in a multilateral block sructure, with obvious horizontal movement characteristics. The main damage characteristics of the slope are surface cracking and uplift in the valley, the generation of downward cracks on the slope, and the sliding of the overburden at the foot of the slope. The stability of the mining slope in different mining stages is as follows: valley>away from mountain mining>close to mountain. In addition, the influence of different valley parameters and mining parameters on the deformation and failure law of slopes were also analyzed through discrete element numerical methods in the paper.

(3) The development and evolution law of overburden fractures caused by mining in bedrock valleys were studied. During the first layer mining, both the downward cracks on the surface and the upward cracks on the roof develop simultaneously. During the lower layer mining, ground fissures no longer occur, and existing fissures are in a cyclic development process of "expansion closure re expansion re closure". The newly formed fissures are mainly vertical fissures in the upward direction of the roof. The on-site measurement results show that the development of ground fissures in the bedrock valley terrain is mainly tensile, mostly in the terrain transition zone with sudden changes in slope and roughly parallel to the contour line trend. The spatial distribution is greatly affected by the terrain and slope rotation movement. Compared with sandy valleys, the development and evolution rate of these fissures is faster and there are permanent cracks. The generation time and crack spacing correspond well with the time and the step of roof weighting.

(4) A method for identifying critical strata in bedrock valley terrain and a vertical zoning model for mining overburden have been proposed. The integrity of the sequence is the main influencing factor on the carrying capacity of critical strata and the intensity of overburden migration in bedrock valley terrain. Based on this, the definition of strong and weak critical strata in valley terrain is proposed, and a discrimination method is provided. The critical stratum with incomplete sequence is weak critical stratum because it cannot effectively transmit horizontal stress. Conversely, it is a strong critical stratum. The critical strata with incomplete sequence in the high elevation will limit the development of fractures, and the overburden structure is the "two zones" or the new "three zones", namely the collapse zone, fracture zone, and rotary subsidence zone.

 (5) The mechanism of dynamic roof weighting occurrence in bedrock valley terrain were studied. During the mining stage of close to the mountain, the multilateral block sructure is prone to shear as the block size increases and the rotational space decreases, The main roof voussoir beam structure is easily crushed, and the working face undergoes dynamic load impact and the risk of impact is increasing. When the working face is located under the mountain, the danger level of strata behavior is divided into extremely dangerous zone, severe dangerous zone, moderate dangerous zone, and weakly affected zone. On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of roof fracture and instability movement in shallow buried thick coal seam mining in valley areas, a mechanical model of the interaction between support and roof rock in shallow buried thick coal seam mining in valley terrain was established. The calculation methods of support dynamic and static loads and support resistance were provided, providing a theoretical basis for the rational selection of support and roof control in shallow buried thick coal seam working faces in valley areas.

(6) A stress calculation model for advanced abutment stress in valley terrain has been established. It is composed of the self weight stress of the overburden below the surface, the main roof transfer stress, and the self weight stress of the slope. During the mining stage of close to the mountain, the distance between the peak location of advanced support stress and the coal wall is between 6 and 18 cm, and the peak value continuously increases with the increase of mining range. During the mining stage of away from the mountain, the distance between the peak location and the coal wall is between 6 and 16 cm, and the range of pressure rise zone is between 33 and 41 cm. At different mining stages, the stress in the goaf follows a "W" shape, "V" shape, checkmark shape, and "wave" shape in sequence.

(7) The control countermeasures for dynamic roof weighting in shallow buried coal seams in bedrock valleys were clarified. The dynamic load roof weighting prediction methods such as critical stratum determination, mining stability evaluation, support adaptability evaluation, and roof weighting monitoring and prediction, as well as prevention and control measures such as reasonable layout of working faces, reasonable arrangement of coal mining sequence, strengthening support work, strengthening surrounding rock control, and real-time monitoring and control were proposed.

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