煤炭是我国重要的化石能源，然而煤炭常规加工利用存在工艺复杂、条件苛刻以及污染环境等缺点。微生物降解煤炭是利用微生物的生化作用将煤炭转化为液体燃料或附加值高的化学品，此方法具有常温常压、操作简单、能耗低、无污染和附加值高等优势，是煤炭绿色转化的有效途径之一。

本文选择食萘新鞘氨醇菌和金雀儿根瘤苍白杆菌2种细菌对陕北富油煤进行降解过程研究，探讨了影响降解率的主要因素，研究了3种表面活性剂对优势菌种食萘新鞘氨醇菌降解富油煤效果的影响，并对两种细菌作用后固相产物（剩煤）和液相产物的组成和结构进行了表征与分析。

主要工作如下：

（1）采用单因素和正交实验探讨了2种细菌降解富油煤的最佳工艺条件

选取煤浆浓度、菌液用量、降解时间和培养方式4种因素进行降解过程的单因素实验和正交实验，结果表明金雀儿根瘤苍白杆菌降解陕北富油煤的最佳工艺条件为：煤浆浓度0.3 g/（50 mL培养基）、接种量20 ml/（50mL培养基）、降解时间18 d和摇床培养，最大降解率为13%；食萘新鞘氨醇菌降解陕北富油煤的最佳工艺条件为：煤浆浓度0.7 g/（50 mL培养基）、接种量15 mL/（50mL培养基）、降解时间18 d和摇床培养，最大降解率为15%。

（2）研究了3种表面活性剂对优势菌种食萘新鞘氨醇菌降解富油煤效果的影响

研究了3种表面活性剂LAS、Tween 80和DTAB对优势菌种食萘新鞘氨醇菌降解富油煤效果的影响，3种表面活性剂均能促进优势菌种食萘新鞘氨醇菌对陕北富油煤的降解，发现当LAS和Tween 80的浓度均为1000 mg/L，促进作用最大，降解率分别提高到26%和34%，此时降解液的表面张力最小，分别为57.39 mN/m和46.98 mN/m；降解液的pH分别为8.35和8.56。当DTAB的浓度为200 mg/L时，促进作用最大，降解率提高到20%，表面张力为44.45 mN/m，降解液的pH为7.78。

（3）分析了2种细菌降解富油煤的固、液相产物组成和结构

通过元素分析、热重分析、红外分析、低温氮气吸附、SEM和XRD分析对细菌降解后的固相产物（剩煤）进行了分析。2种细菌降解后剩煤的C、N及S元素含量均降低；剩煤表面有明显被溶蚀的痕迹，比表面积降低；剩煤的层片堆砌度增加，层片延展度减小，煤的微晶结构减弱；富油煤中芳香环和长链烷烃被细菌降解；剩煤的第二和第三热失重温度均升高，热稳定性提高。

紫外和气质分析表明2种细菌降解富油煤的液相产物组成相似，主要含有长链烷烃，芳香烃、醇、醚和酯等化合物。

Coal is an important fossil energy in China. However, the conventional processing and utilization of coal has some disadvantages, such as complex process, harsh conditions and environmental pollution. Microbial degradation of coal is to use the biochemical action of microorganisms to convert coal into liquid fuel or chemicals with high added value. This method has the advantages of normal temperature and pressure, simple operation, low energy consumption, no pollution and high added value. It is one of the effective ways of green transformation of coal.

In this paper, O. cytisi and N.naphthalenivorans were selected to study the degradation of oil-rich coal in Northern Shaanxi. The effects of dominant bacteria on the degradation of oil-rich coal under the action of three surfactants were discussed, and the composition and structure of solid and liquid products after the action of the two bacteria were characterized and analyzed.

The main work is as follows:

(1) The optimum technological conditions for the degradation of oil rich coal by two kinds of bacteria were studied by single factor and orthogonal experiments

The effects of coal slurry concentration, bacterial solution dosage, degradation time and culture mode on the degradation of oil-rich coal were investigated. The results showed that the best technological conditions for the degradation of oil-rich coal in Northern Shaanxi were as follows: coal slurry concentration of 0.3 g/50 mL, inoculation amount of 20 mL, degradation time of 18 d and shaking table culture. At this time, the highest biodegradation rate of O. cytisi was 13%. The optimum conditions for the degradation of oil-rich coal in northern Shaanxi were as follows: coal slurry concentration 0.7 g/50 mL, inoculation amount 15 mL, degradation time 18 d and shaking table culture. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of N.naphthalenivorans was 15%. 

(2) The effect of three surfactants on the degradation of oil-rich coal was studied

To explore the effect of naphthalene eating sphingosine bacteria on the degradation of oil-rich coal under the action of three surfactants LAS, Tween 80 and DTAB. When the concentrations of LAS and Tween 80 were 1000 mg/L, the highest degradation was 23% and 28% respectively. When the concentration of DTAB is 200 mg/L, the degradation rate is as high as 18%.

(2) The optimum technological conditions for the degradation of oil rich coal by two kinds of bacteria were obtained by orthogonal experiment

Three factors and three levels were used to study the process conditions of two kinds of bacteria degrading oil-rich coal and oil-rich coal, and the best degradation process conditions of four kinds of bacteria for two kinds of coal were obtained. The degradation rates of oil-rich coal by O. cytisi and N.naphthalenivorans under the best degradation process conditions were 13% and 15% respectively.

(3) The composition and structure of solid and liquid products of oil rich coal degraded by two kinds of bacteria were analyzed

The solid products after bacterial degradation were analyzed by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared analysis, low temperature nitrogen adsorption, SEM analysis and XRD analysis. The contents of C, N and S elements in solid phase products decreased after degradation by two kinds of bacteria; There are obvious corrosion traces on the surface of residual coal, and the specific surface area decreases; The lamellar stacking degree of residual coal increases slightly, the lamellar ductility decreases obviously, and the microcrystalline structure of coal weakens; Aromatic rings and long-chain alkanes in oil-rich coal are degraded by two kinds of bacteria; Under the maximum thermal weight loss, the peak temperature values of T_P2 and T_P3 of residual coal increase and the thermal stability is improved.

UV and GC-MS analysis showed that the liquid phase products of oil-rich coal degraded by the two bacteria were similar, mainly containing long-chain alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers and esters.

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