我国大部分深部煤层渗透性较差，低渗煤层普遍微孔隙结构发育、瓦斯吸附能力强、预抽效果差，需要实施煤层增透措施。超声波增透作为一种新型煤层增透技术，具有安全环保、操作性强等特点和优势。超声激励煤体孔裂隙结构会发生改变，进而使渗透性改善，但目前对于超声激励煤层孔裂隙改造过程和增透机理尚处于探索阶段。因此，本文采用实验室测试、理论建模分析与数值模拟计算相结合的研究方法，探讨超声激励作用对煤体微-介-宏观物性参数的影响规律，揭示超声空化煤体多尺度孔裂隙结构改造过程和增透机理，并结合矿井瓦斯抽采工程现状，提出超声激励煤层增透技术框架、设备研制思路和施工工艺流程，旨在为超声激励煤层增透技术的适用性提供理论支撑。本文主要的研究内容和成果如下：

自主研发了声-液耦合超声波激励煤体实验系统，解决了现有超声激励实验系统无法有效模拟超声煤层增透现场工况和无法有效分离空化效应与热效应的问题。结合核磁共振（NMR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、光学显微镜（OM）、超声波检测（UT）、万能试验机、声发射监测（AE）以及渗透率测定仪等实验手段，开展了超声激励煤体孔裂隙结构演化、单轴压缩力学响应及声发射特征、煤体渗透率测定实验。

以孔径分布、T₂图谱面积、孔隙分形维数作为微观孔隙结构表征参数；以裂隙几何参数、裂隙密度、裂隙概率熵、分形维数，表征介观孔隙和微裂隙发育情况；以纵波波速变化表征宏观裂隙网络的发育、贯通情况，建立了考虑不同尺度影响的孔隙率回归模型。超声激励煤体，T₂图谱面积增大，各峰宽度增加和间距减小，并不同程度的向右偏移，孔隙分形维数减小，有效孔隙率增加，残余孔隙减小；微小孔隙数量增加、连通程度增强。煤体裂隙密度、概率熵、分形维数较原煤明显增加，纵波波速降低，煤体裂隙不断发育，扩展延伸形成贯通裂隙，孔隙率不断提高。实验条件范围内，组合为150 min-500 W-20 kHz时，煤体的孔隙改造效果最好，吸附孔面积增长率、渗流孔面积增长率和全孔面积变化率分别为30.55%、134.10%、33.42%。

利用单轴压缩实验，获得了超声激励煤体压缩破坏过程的力学参数和声发射信号，分析了煤体特征强度、特征应变、弹性模量、泊松比、振铃计数、RA-AF值、b值及特征能量演化规律。采用SPSS回归分析得到了超声激励影响的煤体力学参数多元回归模型，建立了包含超声激励功率、时间、频率等参数的煤体损伤统计本构模型。超声波激励能够对煤体造成损伤，显著地降低煤体的力学强度，激励后煤体塑性增加，脆性减弱，横向变形能力增加，弹性模量降低，泊松比不断增大。煤样抗压强度最高从26.949 MPa降低到6.227 MPa。煤体最大应变从2.76%最大降至1.38%，平均弹性模量从1.375 GPa最大降低至0.426 GPa，泊松比从0.274最大增加至0.355。RA-AF信号显示煤体压缩内部张拉裂隙和剪切裂隙同时发育，但剪切裂隙数量占主导地位，随着激励程度的增加，张拉裂隙的占比不断增大。超声激励后b值变化表明煤体中裂隙扩展发育的阶段相比原煤和低激励程度的煤体提前，煤样吸能与释能能力减弱。

基于稳态法和核磁共振检测法，得到了不同超声波激励参数影响下煤体渗透率演化规律，分析了不同尺度煤体孔裂隙结构与渗透率的之间的关系；以改进火柴棍模型为基础，融合力学参数回归模型，建立了超声激励煤体渗透率模型。超声激励后煤体渗透率显著提高，功率越大、时间越长则煤体渗透率改善越明显，最高提升2倍以上，150 min-20 kHz-500 W激励条件下，煤体渗透率从0.0662 mD提高至0.1086 mD。气测渗透率和NMR渗透率结果一致，与功率和时间正相关，与频率负相关。煤样渗透率随有效应力增加的整体变化规律与激励前相似，呈指数下降趋势。

采用Runge-Kutta对Keller-Miksis气泡动力学方程进行数值解算，得到了超声激励功率和频率影响下空化气泡半径变化规律，掌握了超声激励空化气泡溃灭的时间、压力和能量特性，推导了空化作用煤体尖端裂纹起裂准则；利用COMSOL模拟得到了超声激励功率和频率对声压场和空化效果的影响规律。初始气泡半径越小，超声激励后吸能越多，生长半径越大；水域空化强度与超声功率呈正相关关系，与超声频率呈负相关关系。提出了超声煤层增透技术的整体思路，对大功率超声煤层增透设备和工艺流程进行了应用展望，可为超声激励煤层增透技术的适用性提供理论支撑、数据基础和实践指导。

Most of China's deep coal seams have poor permeability. Low-permeability coal seams have generally developed micro-pore structures, strong gas adsorption capacity, and poor pre-drainage effect. Therefore, coal seam permeability enhancement measures need to be implemented. Ultrasonic permeability enhancement, as a new coal seam permeability enhancement technology, has the characteristics and advantages of safety, environmental protection, and strong operability. Ultrasonic excitation changes the pore and fracture structure of coal, thereby improving permeability. However, the process and mechanism of ultrasonic transformation of coal seam pore and fracture are still in the exploration stage. Therefore, this article adopts a research method combining laboratory testing, theoretical modeling analysis, and numerical simulation calculations to explore the impact of ultrasonic excitation on the micro-meso-macro physical parameters of coal, reveal the transformation process and permeability enhancement mechanism of ultrasonic cavitated coal multiscale pore and fracture structure, and combine with the current status of mine gas extraction engineering. It proposes a framework for ultrasonic permeability enhancement technology, equipment development ideas, and construction process flow, aiming to provide theoretical support for the applicability of ultrasonic permeability enhancement technology. The main research contents and results of this article are as follows:

Developed a self-designed acoustic-liquid-coupling ultrasonic excitation coal experimental system, which solved the problem that the existing ultrasonic excitation experimental system can’t effectively simulate the ultrasonic coal seam permeability enhancement on-site working conditions and can’t effectively separate the cavitation effect from the thermal effect. Combined with experimental techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscope (OM), ultrasonic detection (UT), universal testing machine, acoustic emission monitoring (AE), and permeability tester, experiments were conducted on the evolution of coal seam pore and fracture structure under ultrasonic excitation, the mechanical response and acoustic emission characteristics under uniaxial compression, and the determination of the coal rock mass permeability.

Three types of pore structure characterization parameters, namely pore size distribution, T₂ spectrum area, and pore fractal dimension, were used to characterize the micro-scale pore structure; fracture geometry parameters, fracture density, fracture probability entropy, and fractal dimension were used to characterize the meso-scale pore and microcrack development. The longitudinal wave velocity change was used to characterize the development and connectivity of the macroscopic fracture network, and a porosity regression model considering different scale effects was established. The results showed that ultrasonic excitation of coal increased the T₂ spectrum area, peak width, and decreased peak spacing while varying to the right to different degrees. The pore fractal dimension decreased, effective porosity increased, and residual porosity decreased. The number of micro-pores increased, and the connectivity increased. The fracture density, probability entropy, and fractal dimension of the coal sample obviously increased, and the longitudinal wave velocity decreased. The coal fracture continued to develop and extend to form connected fractures, and the porosity continued to increase. Within the range of experimental conditions, the best pore transformation effect is achieved at the combination of 150 min-500 W-20 kHz, with adsorption pore area growth rate, permeability pore area growth rate, and total pore area change rate of 30.55%, 134.10%, and 33.42%, respectively.

Using uniaxial compression experiments, the mechanical parameters and acoustic emission signals of the ultrasonic excitation coal failure process were obtained, and the evolution of coal strength-strain characteristics, elasticity modulus, Poisson's ratio, resonant counting, RA-AF value, b-value, and characteristic energy were analyzed. A multifactor regression model of coal mechanical parameters affected by ultrasonic excitation was established using SPSS regression analysis, and a statistical constitutive model including ultrasonic excitation power, time, frequency, and other parameters was established. Ultrasonic excitation could cause damage to the coal and significantly reduce its mechanical strength. The coal plasticity increased, its brittleness decreased, its lateral deformation ability increased, its elasticity modulus decreased, and its Poisson's ratio continued to increase. The compressive strength of coal samples decreased from 26.949 MPa to 6.227 MPa, and the maximum strain decreased from 2.76% to 1.38%. The average elastic modulus decreased from 1.375 GPa to 0.426 GPa, and the Poisson's ratio increased from 0.274 to 0.355.

Based on the steady-state method and nuclear magnetic resonance detection method, the evolution of coal permeability under different ultrasonic excitation parameters was obtained, and the relationship between different scale coal pore and fracture structure and permeability was analyzed. A permeability model of ultrasonic excitation coal based on an improved matchstick model and a regression model of mechanical parameters was established. The results showed that ultrasonic excitation significantly improved the permeability of the coal, and the larger the power and time, the more obvious the improvement. Under the condition of 150 min-20 kHz-500 W excitation, the coal permeability increased from 0.0662 mD to 0.1086 mD. The gas and NMR permeability results were consistent, positively correlated with power and time, and negatively correlated with frequency.

The Keller-Miksis bubble dynamic equation was numerically solved using the Runge-Kutta method, and the radius variation law of cavitation bubbles under the influence of ultrasonic excitation power and frequency was obtained. The time, pressure, and energy characteristics of the cavitation-induced crack initiation criterion were deduced, and the effects of ultrasonic excitation power and frequency on the sound pressure field and cavitation were simulated using COMSOL. The results showed that the smaller the initial bubble radius, the more energy was absorbed after ultrasonic excitation, and the larger the growth radius. The water cavitation strength was positively correlated with ultrasonic power and negatively correlated with frequency.

In conclusion, this article proposes a framework for ultrasonic permeability enhancement technology, equipment development ideas, and construction process flow, providing theoretical support, data basis, and practical guidance for the applicability of ultrasonic permeability enhancement technology.

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