木材作为我国四大建材之一，在建筑领域应用非常广泛，目前多采用涂抹防火涂料作为木材及其木结构的保护方法。为提高防火性能，本文选择了三聚氰胺甲醛树脂（MF）作为成膜树脂，磷酸脒基脲（GUP）、季戊四醇磷酸酯（PEPA）、硼酸铵（ABT）组成协效阻燃体系，研究该体系对木材涂料防火性能的影响，并揭示其阻燃机理。由于自然环境因素作用导致木材发生的老化现象严重降低木结构建筑安全性能，因此进一步将木材膨胀型防火涂料应用于老化木材表面，扩展膨胀型防火涂料应用领域，论文的研究工作主要包含以下方面：

（1）为使木材膨胀型防火涂料达到最佳阻燃性能，本文选用正交实验法，以基材背面被烧穿并出现有焰为止的耐燃时间为优化指标，设计正交实验方案，对防火涂料组成配比进行了优化，确定最优配方。结果表明：MF:GUP:PEPA:ABT的质量比3:1.8:0.8:0.3时耐燃时间最长，耐燃时间大于40 min，是空白样品耐燃时间25.13倍，满足市场对阻燃涂料的需求。

（2）在优选出木材膨胀型防火涂料的基础上，采用理化性能测试、锥形量热仪、热重实验测试等方法，对比自制木材膨胀型防火涂料（B1）与市面型其他涂料（B2、B3）的理化性能、阻燃性能、热稳定性能。结果表明：B1理化性能较好；加入自制涂料样品的点燃时间（TTI）、热释放峰值（P_HRR）、总放热量（THR）、总产烟量（TSP）等参数均有明显下降，与空白样品（B0）相比，P_HRR降低29.63%，TSP降低69.71%；B1残炭量高达11.23%，比空白样品（B0）提高了2.89倍。同时综合对比三种防火涂料，证明自制木材膨胀型防火涂料（B1）协同阻燃效果最好，热稳定性最优。

（3）通过TG、TG-IR与SEM等实验手段结合热解动力学方法，对自制木材膨胀型防火涂料热解过程进行分析，进一步探究其阻燃机理。结果表明：涂有膨胀型防火涂料样品的活化能远大于其对照组，需更多能量发生热解反应，阻滞了木材热分解过程，其反应模型为Avrami-Erofeev方程，即随机成核及增长模型，证明防火涂料改变木材热解途径与反应模型；阻燃机理为气相-凝聚相协同阻燃效应，ABT受热分解生成的B₂O₃附着于MF、GUP与PEPA生成的耐高温炭层表面，形成致密白色“B-C”混合碳层，起到隔热隔氧作用，同时释放大量不燃气体兼具气相阻燃作用，提高涂料阻燃性能。

（4）光老化是自然老化作用的主要方式之一，基于木材在自然环境影响下易发生老化作用的背景下，将制备出的阻燃高效的木材膨胀型防火涂料，进一步应用于光老化木材与未老化原木表面，对其热稳定性、阻燃、抑烟性能进行分析。结果表明：光老化过程中木材的光降解主要是木质素的降解，老化木材的孔隙增大，纹路断裂，内部细胞结构被破坏逐渐脱落；膨胀防火涂料涂料（水性）可以顺着纹路填满木材表层，填充被破坏细胞结构，干燥后与老化木材附着更均匀与紧密，使其阻燃、抑制效果比原木更好。具体表现为木材膨胀型防火涂料对光老化木材在热稳定性、活化能、阻燃性能与抑烟性能等各个方面的提升、保护效果均大于未老化原木，证明自制膨胀型木材防火涂料适用于老化木材表面，为老化木材与木结构建筑的保护提供技术依据。

关键词：建筑防火；老化木材；膨胀型防火涂料；热稳定性；阻燃性能

木材作为我国四大建材之一，在建筑领域应用非常广泛，目前多采用涂抹防火涂料作为木材及其木结构的保护方法。为提高防火性能，本文选择了三聚氰胺甲醛树脂（MF）作为成膜树脂，磷酸脒基脲（GUP）、季戊四醇磷酸酯（PEPA）、硼酸铵（ABT）组成协效阻燃体系，研究该体系对木材涂料防火性能的影响，并揭示其阻燃机理。由于自然环境因素作用导致木材发生的老化现象严重降低木结构建筑安全性能，因此进一步将木材膨胀型防火涂料应用于老化木材表面，扩展膨胀型防火涂料应用领域，论文的研究工作主要包含以下方面：

（1）为使木材膨胀型防火涂料达到最佳阻燃性能，本文选用正交实验法，以基材背面被烧穿并出现有焰为止的耐燃时间为优化指标，设计正交实验方案，对防火涂料组成配比进行了优化，确定最优配方。结果表明：MF:GUP:PEPA:ABT的质量比3:1.8:0.8:0.3时耐燃时间最长，耐燃时间大于40 min，是空白样品耐燃时间25.13倍，满足市场对阻燃涂料的需求。

（2）在优选出木材膨胀型防火涂料的基础上，采用理化性能测试、锥形量热仪、热重实验测试等方法，对比自制木材膨胀型防火涂料（B1）与市面型其他涂料（B2、B3）的理化性能、阻燃性能、热稳定性能。结果表明：B1理化性能较好；加入自制涂料样品的点燃时间（TTI）、热释放峰值（P_HRR）、总放热量（THR）、总产烟量（TSP）等参数均有明显下降，与空白样品（B0）相比，P_HRR降低29.63%，TSP降低69.71%；B1残炭量高达11.23%，比空白样品（B0）提高了2.89倍。同时综合对比三种防火涂料，证明自制木材膨胀型防火涂料（B1）协同阻燃效果最好，热稳定性最优。

（3）通过TG、TG-IR与SEM等实验手段结合热解动力学方法，对自制木材膨胀型防火涂料热解过程进行分析，进一步探究其阻燃机理。结果表明：涂有膨胀型防火涂料样品的活化能远大于其对照组，需更多能量发生热解反应，阻滞了木材热分解过程，其反应模型为Avrami-Erofeev方程，即随机成核及增长模型，证明防火涂料改变木材热解途径与反应模型；阻燃机理为气相-凝聚相协同阻燃效应，ABT受热分解生成的B₂O₃附着于MF、GUP与PEPA生成的耐高温炭层表面，形成致密白色“B-C”混合碳层，起到隔热隔氧作用，同时释放大量不燃气体兼具气相阻燃作用，提高涂料阻燃性能。

（4）光老化是自然老化作用的主要方式之一，基于木材在自然环境影响下易发生老化作用的背景下，将制备出的阻燃高效的木材膨胀型防火涂料，进一步应用于光老化木材与未老化原木表面，对其热稳定性、阻燃、抑烟性能进行分析。结果表明：光老化过程中木材的光降解主要是木质素的降解，老化木材的孔隙增大，纹路断裂，内部细胞结构被破坏逐渐脱落；膨胀防火涂料涂料（水性）可以顺着纹路填满木材表层，填充被破坏细胞结构，干燥后与老化木材附着更均匀与紧密，使其阻燃、抑制效果比原木更好。具体表现为木材膨胀型防火涂料对光老化木材在热稳定性、活化能、阻燃性能与抑烟性能等各个方面的提升、保护效果均大于未老化原木，证明自制膨胀型木材防火涂料适用于老化木材表面，为老化木材与木结构建筑的保护提供技术依据。

Wood, as one of the four major building materials in China, is widely used in the construction field. Currently, the application of fireproof coatings is commonly used as a protection method for wood and its wooden structures. In order to improve fire resistance, this article selected melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) as a film-forming resin, and a synergistic flame retardant system composed of guanylurea phosphate (GUP), pentaerythritol phosphate (PEPA), and ammonium borate (ABT) to study the impact of this system on the fire resistance of wood coatings and reveal its flame retardant mechanism. Due to the influence of natural environmental factors, the aging phenomenon of wood seriously reduced the safety performance of wooden structure buildings. Therefore, further application of wood expansion type fireproof coating on the surface of aged wood was proposed to expand the application field of expansion type fireproof coating. The research work of this paper mainly included the following aspects:

(1) To achieve the best flame retardant performance of wood expansion type fireproof coatings, this article used the orthogonal experimental method, with the flame resistance time until the back of the substrate was burned through and there was flames as the optimization index, designed an orthogonal experimental plan, optimized the composition ratio of fireproof coatings, and determined the optimal formula. The results showed that when the mass ratio of MF:GUP:PEPA:ABT was 3:1.8:0.8:0.3, the flame resistance time was the longest, with a flame resistance time greater than 40 minutes, which was 25.13 times that of the blank sample, meeting the market demand for flame retardant coatings. .

(2) On the basis of selecting the optimal wood expansion type fireproof coating, physical and chemical performance testing, cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric test and other methods were used to compare the physical and chemical properties, flame retardancy, and thermal stability of self-made wood expansion type fireproof coating (B1) with other commercially available coatings (B2, B3). The results showed that B1 had good physical and chemical properties; The experimental parameters such as ignition time (TTI), peak heat release (P_HRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) of the self-made coating sample were significantly reduced. Compared with the blank sample (B0), P_HRR decreased by 29.63% and TSP decreased by 69.71%; The residual carbon content of B1 was as high as 11.23%, which was 2.89 times higher than that of B0. At the same time, a comprehensive comparison of three types of fireproof coatings proved that B1 had the best synergistic flame retardant effect and thermal stability.

(3) By using experimental methods such as TG, hot red combination, and SEM combined with pyrolysis kinetics, the pyrolysis process of self-made wood expandable fireproof coatings was analyzed to further explore their flame retardant mechanism. The results showed that the activation energy of wood expansion type fireproof coating was much higher than that of its control group, requiring more energy to undergo pyrolysis reaction, which hindered the wood thermal decomposition process. The reaction model was Avrami Erofeev equation, which was a random nucleation and growth model, proving that fireproof coating changed the wood pyrolysis pathway and reaction model. The flame retardant mechanism was a synergistic flame retardant effect of gas phase and condensed phase. The B₂O₃ generated by the thermal decomposition of ABT adhered to the surface of the high-temperature resistant carbon layer generated by MF, GUP, and PEPA, forming a dense white "B-C" mixed carbon layer, which played a role in insulation and oxygen isolation. At the same time, it released a large amount of non combustible gas and had a gas-phase flame retardant effect, improving the flame retardant performance of the coating.

(4) Light aging was one of the main ways of natural aging. Based on the background that wood was prone to aging under the influence of natural environment. The flame retardant and efficient wood expansion type fireproof coating prepared was further applied to the surface of light aged wood and unaged logs, and its thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression performance were analyzed. The results showed that the photodegradation of wood during photoaging was mainly due to the degradation of lignin. The pores of aged wood increase, the grain breaks, and the internal cell structure was gradually destroyed and falls off; Expansion fireproof coating (water-based) could filled the surface of wood along the grain, filled the damaged cell structure, and adhered more evenly and tightly to aged wood after drying, making its flame retardant and inhibitory effect better than that of raw wood. Specifically, the improvement and protection effect of wood expansion type fireproof coating on photo aged wood in various aspects such as thermal stability, activation energy, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression performance were greater than those of unaged logs. This proved that self-made expansion type fireproof coating was suitable for the surface of aged wood and provided technical basis for the protection of aged wood and wooden structure buildings.

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