煤炭开采导致地下大型采空区形成、地表大量矸石固废堆存和生态环境损害等一系列问题，严重制约煤炭绿色开采和可持续发展。“双碳”背景下，大型采空区作为重要空间载体，资源潜力巨大，合理规划并开展储矸利用，将成为矿区绿色低碳发展的关键支撑。为解决韩城矿区矸石源头处置难的问题，论文以长壁开采冒落区空隙演化规律及充填储矸为主题，通过现场实测、物理模拟、数值计算、理论分析、室内及现场工业试验等方法，系统分析了长壁开采覆岩破断运动与冒落区空隙动态演化规律，建立了冒落区储矸空间预计模型，掌握了矸石浆体冒落区扩散规律，揭示了储矸冒落区承载机制及减损机理，形成了长壁开采冒落区空隙储矸理论与矸石浆体充填技术，并得到了实践检验，为实现源头低损害绿色开采提供了理论基础和科学依据。研究取得以下主要成果：

（1）长壁垮落法开采形成的冒落岩体整体具有压密收缩变形特征，随采动低位关键层变形影响，表现出“冒落碎胀—变形收缩—充分压实”的动态变化过程。冒落区空隙时空演化与冒落岩体承压变形规律一致，也具有明显的 3 阶段变化特征。通过地表瞬变电磁实测和物理模拟，揭示了冒落区空隙发育具有分区特征明显、边界效应突出及覆岩运动作用显著的特征，顶板结构运动与应力传递是导致冒落区空隙变化的直接原因。

（2）通过低位关键层结构关键块与冒落岩体受力特征分析，提出了冒落区稳定性系数，建立了冒落区四级分区模型，包括悬臂控制区、关键块支撑区、接顶受力区、充分压实区。揭示了冒落区空隙作为覆岩及地表延续失稳的变形空间，其损害效应主要表现为引起低位关键层结构延续演化变形和形成剩余沉陷损害。

（3）冒落区空隙是覆岩结构持续演化的变形空间，也是规模化储矸的天然空间。根据岩层运动规律推导出了冒落区空隙率非均匀变化曲面方程，建立了冒落区储矸空间预计模型，给出了冒落区储矸极限和基于采动时空效应的实时储矸空间计算公式。

（4）在改性矸石浆体和全矸石浆体性能研究的基础上，通过不同级配矸石散体模型浆体充填试验，揭示了矸石浆体“半锥型台”流动堆积形态及堆积坡度随模型级配系数n 的增加呈负对数减小的规律，结合数值模拟得到了冒落区空隙特性、浆体性能、充填压力、钻孔布局对浆体扩散效果的影响规律。

（5）提出了减损控制层的概念，以减损控制层二次稳定条件为核心，基于冒落区充填强化机理和复合充填体与围岩相互作用关系分析，建立了减损控制层结构力学模型，揭示了复合充填体结构补强机理及“复合充填体—煤柱—减损控制层”共载体系稳定条件，通过数值模拟分析了充填率对采空区位移场和采动应力场演化的耦合影响，验证了减损效果。

（6）建立了“半拱结构浆体充填”方法和邻近工作面巷道布孔采后一体充填方案，通过工业性试验验证了矸石浆体扩散规律及空隙充填效果，得出整个冒落区采用高、低位立体布孔充填时的非饱和充填量为 126250.95m3，充填率为 14.66%，可满足试验矿井矸石源头处理要求，验证了本文研究的正确性以及充填设计的有效性。

本文研究为矿山矸石固废高效处置和地下空间精准利用提供了可借鉴的理论基础和技术方法，丰富和发展了绿色开采的理论与技术。

Coal mining has caused a series of problems such as the formation of large underground goafs, the accumulation of large amounts of solid waste on the surface, and ecological environment damage, which seriously restrict green coal mining and sustainable development. Under the background of “double carbon”, large goaf, as an important space carrier, has huge resource potential. Reasonable planning and utilization of gangue storage will become the key support for green and low-carbon development of mining areas. To solve the difficulties of source disposal of gangue in the Hancheng mining area, this paper focuses on the evolution law of voids and the filling storage of gangue in the caving zone of longwall mining. Through field test, physical simulation, numerical calculation, theoretical analysis, indoor and field industrial experiments, this paper systematically analyzes the fracture movement of overburden and the dynamic evolution law of voids in the caving zone of longwall mining, and establishes a prediction model for the storage space of gangue in the caving zone. The research aims to master the diffusion law of gangue slurry in the caving zone, reveal the bearing and damage-mitigation mechanism of the caving zone filled with gangue, form the void gangue storage theory and the filling technology of gangue slurry in the caving zone of long wall mining , and tested in practice , providing theoretical basis and scientific evidence for achieving green mining with low damage at the source. The research has achieved the following main results:

(1) The collapsed rock mass formed by traditional longwall caving mining has the characteristics of compaction and shrinkage deformation. Influencing by the deformation of low key strata during mining, it exhibits a dynamic changing process of "first falling and expansion, then deformation and shrinkage, followed by full compaction". The spatio-temporal evolution of the voids in the caving zone is consistent with the deformation law of the collapsed rock mass under pressure, and presents obvious three-stage variation characteristics. Through surface transient electromagnetic measurement and physical simulation, it has been revealed that the development of voids in the caving zone has obvious zoning characteristics, prominent boundary effects, and significant influence of overlying strata movement. The movement of roof structure and stress transfer are the direct reasons for the voids changes in the caving zone.

(2) By analyzing the stress characteristics of the key blocks in the low key strata and the collapsed rock mass, the stability coefficient of the caving zone was proposed, and a four-level zoning model of the caving zone was established, including the cantilever control area, the key block support area, the contact roof pressure area, and the fully compacted area. It reveals that the voids in the caving zong serves as the continuous instability deformation space of the overburden strata and surface, and its damage effect is  mainly manifested in causing the continuous evolution deformation of the low key strata structure and forming remainder subsidence damage.

(3) The void in the caving zone is a deformation space for the continuous evolution of the overburden structure, and it is also a natural space for large-scale storage of gangue. Based on the law of strata movement, the surface equation for non-uniform variation of porosity in the caving zone was derived, and the prediction model for the gangue storage space of the caving zone was established. The gangue storage limit of the caving zone and the real-time calculation formula for the gangue storage space based on time-space effect of mining were given.

(4) On the basis of studying the performance of modified gangue slurry and full gangue slurry, the slurry filling experiments of gangue granular models with different gradation reveals the flow and accumulation form of the "semi conical platform" in gangue slurry and the negative logarithmic decrease of the accumulation slope with the increase of the model gradation coefficient n.  Combined with numerical simulation experiments, the influence law of the void characteristics in the caving zone, slurry  performance, filling pressure, and drilling layout on the slurry diffusion effect is obtained.

(5) The concept of the damage-mitigating control layer was proposed and its secondary stability condition is taken as the core. By analysis of strengthening mechanism of caving zone filling and the interaction between the composite filling body and  surrounding rock, a structural mechanical model of the damage-mitigating control layer was established. It also reveals the structure reinforcement mechanism of the composite filling body and the stability conditions of the "composite filling body,coal pillar, damage-mitigating control layer " coload system. The coupling influence of filling rate on the evolution of goaf  displacement field and mining stress field is analyzed by numerical simulation, and the effect of damage-mitigating has been verified.

(6) This paper established a "semi-arch structure slurry filling" method and a after mining integrated filling scheme for adjacent working face roadway layout holes. Industrial experiments have verified the law of gangue slurry diffusion and the filling effect of voids. The conclusion is the unsaturated filling amount for the caving zone is 126250.95m3, with a filling rate of 14.66%,when filling with high and low three-dimensional holes, which can meet the requirements for the source disposal of gangue in the experimental mine. The test verifies the correctness of the research and the effectiveness of the filling design.

This study provides a theoretical basis and technical method for the efficient disposal of solid waste from mining and the precise utilization of underground space, enriching and developing the theory and technology of green mining.