煤矿水害是陕北侏罗纪煤田的主要灾害，直罗组地下水是主要突水水源之一。本文以陕北侏罗纪煤田北部为研究区，以层序地层学、沉积学、水文地质学、水害防治相关理论为指导，采用露头调查和钻孔分析相结合、宏观区域调查研究与微观实验室研究相结合、理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法，确定了直罗组古河道复合砂体的空间位置及其形态，揭示了古河道复合砂体对地下水赋存和运移的控制机理，提出了古河道复合砂体下现阶段生产矿井涌水模式。

研究区直罗组在垂向上可分为3段。直罗组下段沉积相主要为辫状河三角洲，亚相主要为三角洲平原，沉积微相主要为分流河道、决口扇、分流间湾和三角洲间湾。下段的孔隙发育程度及其连通性相对较好，以中等孔隙度和中渗透率为主，整体属于承压中等透水孔隙含水岩组。中上段孔隙发育程度及其连通性相对较差，以低等孔隙度和超低～特低渗透率为主，整体属于承压低等透水孔隙含水岩组。砂体遭受风化后，微裂隙发育明显，孔隙度和渗透率相比正常基岩较大，储水空间发育，整体属于承压中等～强透水裂隙含水岩组。

本文研究的直罗组古河道复合砂体，是指在直罗组沉积期间，因河道沉积持续时间较长，并在同一区域或相邻区域多次出现而形成的规模较大、水理性质较好的叠置型多层砂岩组合体。通过层序地层对比、水理性质和直罗组底部冲刷接触关系分析，识别出直罗组下段为古河道复合砂体的发育层位。红碱淖、尔林兔井田以及锦界井田一线，为直罗组古河道复合砂体的主体发育区，宽度约25km。根据砂分散体系分析和隔水岩组发育特征，将直罗组古河道复合砂体分为三级。一级砂体厚度≥60m，砂地比0.8～1，隔水岩组厚度一般＜10m，隔水岩组层数一般＜2，为主河道复合砂体发育区；二级砂体厚度30～60m，砂地比0.4～0.8，隔水岩组厚度一般为10～30m，隔水岩组层数一般为2～4，为分支河道发育区；三级砂体厚度＜30m，砂地比＜0.4，隔水岩组厚度一般＞30m，隔水岩组层数一般＞4，为分流间湾和三角洲间湾发育区。

对于直罗组正常基岩而言，古河道复合砂体的厚度、砂地比和隔水岩组厚度从宏观尺度上控制着直罗组的富水性，物性条件和孔隙结构从微观尺度上控制着直罗组的富水性。一级砂体（主河道）、二级砂体（分支河道）以中粒、粗粒砂岩为主，物性条件和孔隙结构较发育，富水性较强，而三级砂体（分流间湾和三角洲间湾）以粉砂岩和细砂岩为主，物性条件和孔隙结构较差，富水性相对较弱。河道砂体沉积粒度较粗，整体胶结物含量较少，遭受风化后，上部网状裂隙发育，下部溶蚀裂隙发育，地下水储存能力明显增强，富水性强；直罗组古河道复合砂体的宏观几何连通性和微观渗透性控制着直罗组地下水的运移，而风化作用极大地改善了古河道复合砂体的渗透性能。西部直罗组未遭受风化区域，直罗组与其他含水层水力联系微弱，以侧向补给为主，径流滞缓，排泄不畅，主要以静储量为主；东部直罗组基岩风化区，直罗组与萨拉乌苏组地下水水力联系紧密，径流条件较好，排泄条件通畅，在西部地下水向东部的泄压释放，以及“天窗”区域第四系地下水的下渗补给作用下，形成了巨大的动储量；天然条件下，直罗组地下水排泄存在直接排泄和间接排泄2种模式，其中间接排泄包括顶托补给萨拉乌苏组、越流补给延安组和通过烧变岩间接排泄。采矿状态下直罗组向矿井充水存在直罗组下段含水层向矿井直接充水、第四系地下水通过直罗组裂隙网络向矿井充水、洛河组和安定组风化层地下水通过直罗组裂隙网络向矿井充水3种充水模式。

采用层次分析法评价了直罗组古河道复合砂体富水性。基岩风化区富水性总体强于未风化区域，一级砂体（主河道）区域富水性强于二级砂体（分支河道）及三级砂体（三角洲间湾、分流间湾区域）区域；研究区现生产矿井位于东部基岩风化区，煤层首采区导水裂隙带高度预计结果表明，除小壕兔一号井田北部和大保当普查区的局部区域，导水裂隙带未导通至直罗组基岩外，其他区域均导通至直罗组古河道复合砂体。基于砂体分级、风化砂体厚度与矿井涌水关系的分析，提出了古河道复合砂体下生产矿井的3种最基本的涌水模式。强涌水模式，主要位于一级砂体分布区，风化砂体厚度一般＞40m。中等涌水模式，主要位于一级砂体的边缘或二级砂体区域，风化砂体厚度一般10～30m。弱涌水模式，主要位于三级砂体区域，风化砂体厚度一般＜10m。通过数值模拟对3种模式矿井涌水量进行了预计，锦界煤矿工作面1属于强涌水模式，最大矿井涌水量2309.2m³/h，红柳林煤矿工作面2属于中等涌水模式，最大矿井涌水量1037.29m³/h；柠条煤矿工作面3属于弱涌水模式，最大矿井涌水量367.97m³/h。

The coal mine water hazard is the main disaster in Jurassic coal field in Northern Shaanxi. Zhiluo formation is one of the main water bursting sources of coal mine flood. Taking the north of Jurassic Coalfield in Northern Shaanxi as the research area, the paper is guided by the relevant theories of sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology, hydrogeology and mine water damage prevention. It explores the spatial position and shape of paleochannel sand bodies about Zhiluo formation, analyses the control mechanism of the groundwater storage and migration and puts forward the water inflow model of productive mine under the paleochannel sand bodies by the combining outcrop investigation and borehole analysis, macro regional investigation and micro laboratory research, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The main conclusions are as follows:

The Zhiluo Formation can vertically be divided into three sections in the study area. The sedimentary face of the lower member of the Zhiluo Formation is mainly braided river deltas. The subface is mainly delta plains and the sedimentary microfacies are mainly distributary channels, crevasse splays, interdistributary bays and interdeltaic bays. The pore development degree and connectivity of the lower member of Zhiluo formation are relatively good, mainly with medium porosity and medium permeability, and it belongs to the confined medium permeable pore water bearing formation as a whole. The pore development degree and connectivity of the middle and upper member of Zhiluo formation are relatively poor, mainly with low porosity and very low to super-low permeability. It belongs to the water bearing formation with low permeable pores under pressure as a whole.The micro-fractures are obviously developed, the porosity and permeability are more developed than the normal bedrock and the storage space is better when the paleochannel sand bodies is weathered. The whole section belongs to the confined medium-strong permeable fracture water-bearing rock group.

The paleochannel complex sand bodies of the Zhiluo Formation studied in this paper refer to the fact that during the deposition of the Zhiluo Formation, due to the long duration of channel deposition. Large-scale superposed multi-layered sand bodies assemblages with good hydraulic properties are formed in the same area or in adjacent areas. Through the analysis of sequence stratigraphic correlation, hydraulic properties and scour contact relationship at the bottom of Zhiluo Formation, it is identified that the lower member of Zhiluo Formation is the development layer of paleochannel sand bodies. Hongjiannao field, Erlintu field and Jinjie field are mainly developed by the paleochannel sand bodies of the Zhiluo Formation. The width is about 25km. According to the analysis of the sand dispersion system and the development characteristics of the aquiclude rock formation, the paleochannel sand bodies of the Zhiluo Formation is divided into three grades. The thickness of the first-grade sand bodies is greater than or equal to 60m, the sand ground ratio is 0.8-1, the thickness of the aquiclude rock group is generally less than 10m, and the number of layers of the aquiclude rock group is generally less than 2, which is the main channel sand bodies development area. The thickness of the secondary sand bodies is generally 30-60m, the sand ratio is 0.4-0.8, the thickness of the aquiclude rock group is 10-30m, and the number of layers of the aquiclude rock group is generally 2-4, which is the branch channel development area. The thickness of the tertiary sand bodies is less than 30m, the sand ratio is less than 0.4, the thickness of the aquiclude rock group is generally more than 30m, and the number of layers of the aquiclude rock group is generally more than 4, which is the concentrated on the interdistributary bay and the interdeltaic bay.

For the normal bedrock of the Zhiluo Formation, the thickness of the paleochannel sand bodies, the sand ratio, and the thickness of the aquiclude rock formation control the water-abundance of the Zhiluo Formation from the macroscopic scale. The physical properties and pore structure control the water-abundance of the Zhiluo Formation from the microscopic scale. The primary sand bodies (main channel) and the secondary sand bodies (branch channel) are mainly medium-grained and coarse-grained sand bodies. The physical properties and the pore structures are relatively developed and the water-abundance is strong. Then the third-grade sand bodies (interdistributary bay and interdeltaic bay) are mainly siltstone and fine sand bodies. The physical properties and the pore structures are poor and the water-abundance is relatively weak. The sedimentary grain size of the channel sand body is coarser and the overall cement content is less. After weathering, the upper network fractures develop and the lower dissolution fractures develop. The groundwater storage capacity is significantly enhanced and the water-abundance is strong. The macroscopic geometric connectivity and microscopic permeability of the paleochannel sand bodies of the Zhiluo Formation control the migration of groundwater. The weathering greatly improves the permeability of the paleochannel sand bodies. For the unweathered area of the Zhiluo Formation in the west, the Zhiluo Formation has weak hydraulic connections with other aquifers, and is dominated by the lateral supplement. The runoff has slowed to a crawl and the river has poor drainage. It is mainly dominated by the static reserves. For the weathering bedrock area of the Zhiluo Formation in the east, the groundwater is closely hydraulically connected between the Zhiluo Formation and the Salawusu Formation. The runoff conditions are good and it has smooth drainage conditions. With the relief of groundwater from the west to the east and under the action of infiltration and recharge of groundwater, the huge dynamic reserves are formed. Under the natural state, there are two modes of groundwater discharge in Zhiluo Formation: direct discharge and indirect discharge. Among them, the indirect drainage includes the recharge from the top to the Salawusu Formation, the leakage recharge to the Yan'an Formation from, and by the burnt rocks to excrete. In the mining state, the Zhiluo Formation fills the mine with water. The lower aquifer of the Zhiluo Formation directly fills the mine with water, the Quaternary groundwater fills the mine with water through the fissure network of the Zhiluo Formation, and the groundwater from the weathered layers of the Luohe Formation and Anding Formation passes through the Zhiluo Formation. There are 3 water filling modes for filling the mine with fissure network.

The water-richness of the paleochannel sand bodies was evaluated by the Analytic Hierarchy Process in the Zhiluo Formation. The water-richness of the weathering bedrock area is generally stronger than that of the unweathered area. Meanwhile, the water-richness of the first-grade sand bodies (main channel) area is stronger than that of the second-grade sand bodies (branch channel) and the third-grade sand bodies (interdeltaic bay and interdistributary bay) area. The calculation of the height of the water flowing fracture zone in the first coal seam shows that the water flowing fracture zone is not connected to the bedrock of the Zhiluo Formation except for the northern of the Xiaohaotu No. 1 mine field and the Dabaodang general prospecting local area. The other areas are connected to the paleochannel sand bodies of the Zhiluo Formation. Based on the analysis of the relationship between sand body classification, weathered sand body thickness, and mine water inflow, three basic water inflow modes for production mines under paleochannel sand bodies are proposed. The strong water inflow mode is mainly located in the distribution area of the first-grade sand body, and the thickness of the weathered sand body is generally greater than 40m. Moderate water inflow mode, mainly located at the edge of the primary sand body or in the area of the secondary sand body, and the thickness of the weathered sand body is generally 10-30m. The weak water inflow mode is mainly located in the tertiary sand body area, and the thickness of the weathered sand body is generally less than 10m. Through numerical simulation, the mine water inflow volume of the three modes is estimated, Jinjie coal mine working face 1 belongs to the strong water inflow mode, the maximum mine water inflow volume is 2309.2 m³/h, Hongliulin coal mine working face 2 belongs to the medium water inflow mode, the maximum mine water inflow volume is 1037.29 m³/h; Ningtiao Coal Mine Working face 3 belongs to the weak water inflow mode, and the maximum mine water inflow is 367.97 m³/h.

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