随着我国煤矿关闭采空区的不断增多，利用这些区域进行CO₂封存的潜力受到广泛关注，逐渐成为研究热点。确保CO₂在煤矿关闭采空区的安全封存，关键在于清晰认识组合盖层的封闭能力及其对安全封存潜力的影响。基于此，本文选择陕西黄陵某矿井作为研究对象，结合地质背景条件，系统研究了不同环境条件下组合盖层的突破压力、流固耦合过程、封闭时效、力学特性与安全封闭储量。本研究取得的主要成果如下：

利用煤岩固气耦合试验系统测定了不同含水饱和度砂岩—全干燥泥岩组合试件在不同轴压条件下的突破压力、突破过程岩体变形量与突破前后岩体渗透率变化。突破压力范围为3.1~4.5MPa，砂岩含水饱和度升高，突破压力显著增加；轴压增加，突破压力整体小幅度增加。在岩体变形损伤方面，受样品非均质性影响，规律性稍弱，岩体变形量与有效应力之间大致呈负相关，不同条件下CO₂突破前后岩体渗透率均增大，表明CO₂突破盖层岩体过程会对岩体的孔隙结构造成损伤，引起封闭能力下降。整体试验测量结果表明，砂岩层含水饱和度越高，组合盖层封闭能力越强。

基于流固耦合原理，建立非饱和气液两相流固耦合数学模型，并通过COMSOL对岩心尺寸进行模拟，验证与试验结果相吻合。模拟和实验数据比对显示，砂岩与泥岩变形量的平均误差分别为85.653 与 59.744 ，验证了模型准确性。在孔隙结构均质条件下，模拟结果显示CO₂突破过程岩体的变形量与有效应力呈负相关，渗透率增幅与变形量之间呈显著正相关，结合数值模拟结果与试验结果，组合盖层埋深越深，突破压力越大，岩体损伤程度越小，封闭能力越好。

对不同含水饱和度条件下的完整组合盖层和含裂隙组合盖层的封闭时效与力学响应进行场地级COMSOL模拟研究。模拟结果表明，砂岩层含水饱和度分别为25%、50%、75%和100%时，CO₂突破后，完整组合盖层的封闭时效为418年、466年、521年和573年，含裂隙组合盖层的封闭时效为393年、429年、465年和495年。尽管CO₂突破过程中对孔隙的改造程度有限，但若在含裂隙盖层中突破，压力会集中在裂隙区域，表明无裂隙组合盖层在封闭时效与风险上均优于含裂隙盖层。

结合案例矿井覆岩裂隙的演化形态进行关闭采空区注CO₂数值模拟，以突破压力为安全阈值，研究不同含水饱和度下盖层的安全封闭储量。模拟结果显示，将注入点位布设在冒落带或者遗煤层时较为适宜。砂岩层含水饱和度分别为25%、50%、75%与100%时，在案例关闭采空区内，组合盖层能够实现安全封闭的最大CO₂封存储量分别为1050.28t、1182.15t、1281.06t和1907.45t。

本研究全面评估了我国煤矿关闭采空区作为CO₂封存场所的可行性和效果，认为煤矿关闭采空区作为潜在的CO₂封闭存储库，在确保安全封存的前提下，可以大幅度扩展我国在减排方面的能力。这对于研究关闭采区CO₂地质封存，进一步实现低碳排放目标具有重要意义。

With the increasing number of mined-out areas closed in coal mines in China, the potential of using these areas for CO₂ sequestration has been widely concerned and has gradually become a research hotspot. The key to ensure the safe storage of  CO₂ in the closed goaf of coal mine is to clearly understand the sealing ability of the combined cap and its influence on the safe storage potential. Based on this, this paper selects a mine in Huangling, Shaanxi Province as the research object, combined with geological background conditions, systematically studies the breakthrough pressure, fluid-structure coupling process, sealing aging, mechanical characteristics and safe sealing reserves of composite cap under different environmental conditions. The main achievements of this study are as follows:

The breakthrough pressure, the deformation of rock mass during the breakthrough process and the permeability of rock mass before and after the breakthrough were measured under different coaxially compressive conditions by the coupled coal-rock gas-solid test system. The breakthrough pressure ranges from 3.1 to 4.5MPa, and the water saturation of sandstone increases, and the breakthrough pressure increases significantly. The axial pressure increases and the overall breakthrough pressure increases slightly. In terms of rock mass deformation damage, the regularity is slightly weak due to sample heterogeneity, and there is roughly a negative correlation between rock mass deformation and effective stress. Under different conditions, rock mass permeability increases before and after  CO₂ breakthrough, indicating that the process of  CO₂ breakthrough in the cover rock mass will cause damage to the pore structure of rock mass and lead to decreased sealing ability. The overall test results show that the higher the water saturation of the sandstone layer, the stronger the sealing ability of the composite cap layer.

ased on the principle of fluid-solid coupling, a mathematical model of unsaturated gas-liquid two-phase fluid-solid coupling is established, and the core size is simulated by COMSOL. The verification is in agreement with the test results. Comparison of simulation and experimental data shows that the average error of sandstone and mudstone deformation is 85.653 and 59.744, respectively, which verifies the accuracy of the model. Under the condition of homogeneous pore structure, the simulation results show that the deformation amount of rock mass during  CO₂ breakthrough is negatively correlated with the effective stress, and the permeability increase is significantly positively correlated with the deformation amount. Combined with the numerical simulation results and the test results, the deeper the buried depth of the composite cap, the greater the breakthrough pressure, the smaller the damage degree of rock mass, and the better the sealing ability.

The sealing aging and mechanical response of intact composite cap and fractured composite cap under different water saturation conditions were studied by COMSOL simulation at site level. The simulation results show that when the water saturation of the sandstone layer is 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively, the sealing aging of the complete composite cap is 418 years, 466 years, 521 years and 573 years after  CO₂ breakthrough, and the sealing aging of the fractured composite cap is 393 years, 429 years, 465 years and 495 years. Although the degree of pore reconstruction during  CO₂ breakthrough is limited, if  CO₂ breakthrough occurs in the fissure cap, the pressure will concentrate in the fissure region, indicating that the non-fissure combined cap is superior to the fissure cap in terms of sealing aging and risk.

Taking the breakthrough pressure as the safety threshold, the numerical simulation of  CO₂ injection in the closed goaf is carried out to study the safe closed reserves of the cap under different water saturation. The simulation results show that it is more suitable to place the injection point in the fall zone or the lost coal seam. When the water saturation of the sandstone layer is 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively, the maximum  CO₂ storage reserves that can be safely sealed in the case of closed gob are 1050.28t, 1182.15t, 1281.06t and 1907.45t, respectively.

This study comprehensively evaluates the feasibility and effect of closing gob of coal mine as a  CO₂ storage place in China, and believes that closing gob of coal mine as a potential  CO₂ storage can greatly expand China's capacity in emission reduction under the premise of ensuring safe storage. This is of great significance for the study of  CO₂ geological storage in closed mining areas and the further realization of low carbon emission targets.

参考文献

[1] Mallapaty S. How China could be carbon neutral by mid-century[J]. Nature, 2020, 586(7830): 482-483.

[2] 习近平. 继往开来,开启全球应对气候变化新征程——在气候雄心峰会上的讲话[J]. 中华人民共和国国务院公报, 2020(35): 7.

[3] 周健, 李晓源, 邓一荣. 中国碳中和发展现状及关键策略展望[J]. 环境科学与管理, 2022, 47(8): 5-9.

[4] 谢和平, 任世华, 谢亚辰, 等. 碳中和目标下煤炭行业发展机遇[J]. 煤炭学报, 2021, 46(7): 2197-2211.

[5] Aminu M D, Nabavi S A, Rochelle C A, et al. A review of developments in carbon dioxide storage[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 208: 1389-1419.

[6] 黄定国, 侯兴武, 吴玉敏. 煤矿废弃矿井采空区封存CO2的机理分析和能力评价[J]. 环境工程, 2014, 32(S1): 1076-1080.

[7] 王双明, 申艳军, 孙强, 等. “双碳”目标下煤炭开采扰动空间CO2地下封存途径与技术难题探索[J]. 煤炭学报, 2022, 47(1): 45-60.

[8] 谢和平, 高明忠, 刘见中, 等. 煤矿地下空间容量估算及开发利用研究[J]. 煤炭学报, 2018, 43(6): 1487-1503.

[9] 王根锁, 刘宏磊, 武强, 等. 碳中和背景下废弃矿山环境正效应资源化开发利用[J]. 煤炭科学技术, 2022, 50(6): 321-328.

[10] 李树刚, 张静非, 尚建选, 等. 双碳目标下煤气同采技术体系构想及内涵[J]. 煤炭学报, 2022, 47(4): 1416-1429.

[11] 高飞, 邓存宝, 王雪峰, 等. 电厂烟气注入采空区封存的可行性[J]. 环境科学研究, 2016, 29(7): 1096-1100.

[12] 陈博文, 王锐, 李琦, 等. CO2地质封存盖层密闭性研究现状与进展[J]. 高校地质学报, 2023, 29(1): 85-99.

[13] 邓一荣, 汪永红, 赵岩杰, 等. 碳中和背景下二氧化碳封存研究进展与展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(4): 429-439.

[14] Ding Y, Li S, Zhu B, et al. Research on the feasibility of storage and estimation model of storage capacity of CO2 in fissures of coal mine old goaf[J]. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 2023, 33(6): 675-686.

[15] 柳玉昕. 二氧化碳埋存对储层及盖层的影响研究[D]. 东北石油大学, 2018.

[16] 陈斌. 孔隙压力对岩石的损伤作用研究[D]. 中国矿业大学, 2021.

[17] 高飞, 邓存宝, 王雪峰, 等. 采空区煤层封存CO2影响因素分析[J]. 环境工程学报, 2017, 11(8): 4653-4659.

[18] 高飞, 邓存宝, 王雪峰, 等. 常温常压下采空区遗煤对电厂烟气的吸附[J]. 环境工程学报, 2016, 10(4): 1907-1912.

[19] 高飞, 邓存宝, 王雪峰, 等. 烟气注入采空区封存的可行性与安全性分析[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2016, 12(7): 60-64.

[20] Cao Z, Deng J, Zhou S, et al. Research on the feasibility of compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system with underground sequestration in antiquated mine goaf[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 211: 112788.

[21] Hao C yu, Zhang Y chao, He W hao, et al. Quantum Chemical Calculation of the Effect of NH3 on CO2 Adsorption and Storage in Goaf[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2022, 36(4): 1948-1959.

[22] 刘浪, 王双明, 朱梦博, 等. 基于功能性充填的CO2储库构筑与封存方法探索[J]. 煤炭学报, 2022, 47(3): 1072-1086.

[23] 姚强岭, 曹胜根, 闫仑, 等. 煤矿采动空间CO2地质封存、运移与固化理论和技术框架[J]. 采矿与安全工程学报, 2023, 40(5): 1003-1017.

[24] Derrell A. Smith. Theoretical Considerations of Sealing and Non-Sealing Faults[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1966, 50.

[25] 黄海平, 邓宏文. 泥岩盖层的封闭性能及其影响因素[J]. 天然气地球科学, 1995(2): 20-26.

[26] Schiomer S, Krooss B M. Experimental characterisation of the hydrocarbon sealing efficiency of cap rocks[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1997, 14(5): 565-580.

[27] Hildenbarnd A, Schiomer S, Krooss B M, et al. Gas breakthrough experiments on pelitic rocks: comparative study with N2 , CO2 and CH4[J]. Geofluids, 2004, 4(1): 61-80.

[28] Ito D, Akaku K, Okabe T, et al. Measurement of threshold capillary pressure for seal rocks using the step-by-step approach and the residual pressure approach[J]. Energy Procedia, 2011, 4: 5211-5218.

[29] Li S, Dong M, Li Z, et al. Gas breakthrough pressure for hydrocarbon reservoir seal rocks: implications for the security of long‐term CO2 storage in the Weyburn field[J]. Geofluids, 2005, 5(4): 326-334.

[30] Skurtveit E, Aker E, Soldal M, et al. Experimental investigation of CO2 breakthrough and flow mechanisms in shale[C]//Petroleum Geoscience: 卷 18. 2012: 3-15.

[31] Ono M, Kameya H, Hosoda K, et al. Experimental Measurements of Threshold Pressure for Modeling Saline Aquifers in Japan[J]. Energy Procedia, 2013, 37: 5456-5463.

[32] Jin Z, Yuan Y, Sun D, et al. Models for dynamic evaluation of mudstone/shale cap rocks and their applications in the Lower Paleozoic sequences, Sichuan Basin, SW China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2014, 49: 121-128.

[33] 魏宁, 李小春, 王颖, 等. 不同温压条件下泥质粉砂岩二氧化碳突破压的试验研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2014, 35(1): 98-104.

[34] 张璐, 国建英, 林潼, 等. 碳酸盐岩盖层突破压力的影响因素分析[J]. 石油实验地质, 2021, 43(3): 461-467.

[35] Espinoza D N, Santamarina J C. CO2 breakthrough—Caprock sealing efficiency and integrity for carbon geological storage[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2017, 66: 218-229.

[36] Zheng X, Espinoza D N. Multiphase CO2-brine transport properties of synthetic fault gouge[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2021, 129: 105054.

[37] Zhou X, Lu X, Sui F, et al. The breakthrough pressure and sealing property of Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in the Gucheng area of the Tarim Basin[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2022, 208: 109289.

[38] 程鹏举, 于青春. 非饱和低渗砂岩突破压力试验研究——以柴达木盆地东部石炭系砂岩为例[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2017, 44(6): 77-82+101.

[39] Zhao Y, Yu Q. CO2 breakthrough pressure and permeability for unsaturated low-permeability sandstone of the Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2017, 550: 331-342.

[40] Li Y, Yu Q. Rock-core scale modeling of initial water saturation effects on CO2 breakthrough pressure in CO2 geo-sequestration[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2020, 580: 124234.

[41] Hu Z, Li Y, Li Q, et al. A Numerical Simulation Study of Temperature and Pressure Effects on the Breakthrough Pressure of CO2 in Unsaturated Low-permeability Rock Core[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition, 2023, 97(3): 911-924.

[42] Marlan W. Downey (2). Evaluating Seals for Hydrocarbon Accumulations[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1984, 68.

[43] Ingram G M, Urai J L. Top-seal leakage through faults and fractures: the role of mudrock properties[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1999, 158(1): 125-135.

[44] Grunau H R. A worldwide look at the cap-rock problem [J]. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1987, 10(3): 245-265.

[45] 刘俊新, 杨春和, 刘伟, 等. 泥质岩盖层前期名义固结压力及封闭特性研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2015, 34(12): 2377-2387.

[46] 马鑫, 杨国栋, 喻英, 等. 黏土矿物含量对CO2地质埋存体盖层封闭性的影响[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2019, 38(1): 121-129.

[47] 王紫剑, 唐玄, 荆铁亚, 等. 中国年封存量百万吨级CO2地质封存选址策略[J]. 现代地质, 2022, 36(5): 1414-1431.

[48] Shi L, Zeng Z, Bai B, et al. Effect of the intermediate principal stress on the evolution of mudstone permeability under true triaxial compression[J]. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, 2018, 8(1): 37-50.

[49] Vasco D W, Rucci A, Ferretti A, et al. Satellite-based measurements of surface deformation reveal fluid flow associated with the geological storage of carbon dioxide[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2010, 37(3).

[50] Lubitz C, Kempka T, Motagh M. Integrated Assessment of Ground Surface Displacements at the Ketzin Pilot Site for CO2 Storage by Satellite-Based Measurements and Hydromechanical Simulations[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2019, 12(1): 186-199.

[51] Samsonov S, Czarnogorska M, White D. Satellite interferometry for high-precision detection of ground deformation at a carbon dioxide storage site[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2015, 42: 188-199.

[52] Fan C, Li Q, Ma J, et al. Fiber Bragg grating‐based experimental and numerical investigations of CO2 migration front in saturated sandstone under subcritical and supercritical conditions[J]. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, 2019, 9(1): 106-124.

[53] Zhang Y, Xue Z, Park H, et al. Tracking CO2 Plumes in Clay-Rich Rock by Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing (DFOSS): A Laboratory Demonstration[J]. Water Resources Research, 2019, 55(1): 856-867.

[54] Shukla R, Ranjith P, Haque A, et al. A review of studies on CO2 sequestration and caprock integrity[J]. Fuel, 2010, 89(10): 2651-2664.

[55] 郝艳军, 杨顶辉. 二氧化碳地质封存问题和地震监测研究进展[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2012, 27(6): 2369-2383.

[56] Armitage P J, Faulkner D R, Worden R H, et al. Experimental measurement of, and controls on, permeability and permeability anisotropy of caprocks from the CO2 storage project at the Krechba Field, Algeria[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011, 116(B12): B12208.

[57] Kim K, Makhnenko R Y. Short- and Long-Term Responses of Reservoir Rock Induced by CO2 Injection[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2022, 55(11): 6605-6625.

[58] Ojala I O. The effect of CO2 on the mechanical properties of reservoir and cap rock[J]. Energy Procedia, 2011, 4: 5392-5397.

[59] Zhu Q, Zuo D, Zhang S, et al. Simulation of geomechanical responses of reservoirs induced by CO2 multilayer injection in the Shenhua CCS project, China[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2015, 42: 405-414.

[60] Khan S, Khulife Y A, Alshuhail A. Effects of reservoir size and boundary conditions on pore-pressure buildup and fault reactivation during CO2 injection in deep geological reservoirs[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2020, 79(12): 294.

[61] LiY, Wang Y, Wang J, et al. Variation in permeability during CO2–CH4 displacement in coal seams: Part 1 – Experimental insights[J]. Fuel, 2020, 263: 116666.

[62] Ma T, Rutqvist J, Liu W, et al. Modeling of CO2 sequestration in coal seams: Role of CO2 ‐induced coal softening on injectivity, storage efficiency and caprock deformation[J]. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, 2017, 7(3): 562-578.

[63] Liu H, Hou Z, Were P, et al. Numerical investigation of the formation displacement and caprock integrity in the Ordos Basin (China) during CO2 injection operation[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2016, 147: 168-180.

[64] Taghizadeh M, Falahat R. Geomechanical modeling for CO2 geologic sequestration in Asmari reservoir—south of Iran[J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2020, 13(15): 713.

[65] Olden P, Pickup G, Jin M, et al. Use of rock mechanics laboratory data in geomechanical modelling to increase confidence in CO2 geological storage[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2012, 11: 304-315.

[66] 张志雄, 谢健, 戚继红, 等. 地质封存二氧化碳沿断层泄漏数值模拟研究[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2018, 45(2): 109-116.

[67] 赵鹏翔, 张文进, 李树刚, 等. 高瓦斯厚煤层综采工作面推进速度影响下的瓦斯运–储区交叉融合机理[J]. 煤炭学报, 2023, 48(9): 3405-3419.

[68] 王千, 申建, 赵岳, 等. 煤系致密砂岩储层注CO2启动压力梯度动态规律[J]. 煤炭学报, 2023, 48(8): 3172-3181.

[69] 刁玉杰, 张森琦, 郭建强, 等. 深部咸水层二氧化碳地质储存场地选址储盖层评价[J]. 岩土力学, 2012, 33(8): 2422-2428.

[70] 卫勇锋. 案例矿井导水裂隙带探测及冒裂安全性分区预测[D]. 西安科技大学, 2020.

[71] Zhang C, Wang M. A critical review of breakthrough pressure for tight rocks and relevant factors[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2022, 100: 104456.

[72] Purcell W R. Capillary Pressures - Their Measurement Using Mercury and the Calculation of Permeability Therefrom[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1949, 1(02): 39-48.

[73] Shanley K W, Cluff R M, Robinson J W. Factors controlling prolific gas production from low-permeability sandstone reservoirs: Implications for resource assessment, prospect development, and risk analysis[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2004, 88(8): 1083-1121.

[74] Rudd N, Pandey G N. Threshold Pressure Profiling by Continuous Injection[C]//All Days. Las Vegas, Nevada: SPE, 1973: SPE-4597-MS.

[75] Horseman S T, Harrington J F, Sellin P. Gas migration in clay barriers[J]. Engineering Geology, 1999, 54(1-2): 139-149.

[76] Ito D, Akaku K, Okabe T, et al. Measurement of threshold capillary pressure for seal rocks using the step-by-step approach and the residual pressure approach[J]. Energy Procedia, 2011, 4: 5211-5218.

[77] Egerman P, Bretonnier P. A fast and accurate method to measure threshold capillary pressure of caprocks under representative conditions [C]. 2006.

[78] Tanai K, Kanno T, Galle C. Experimental Study of Gas Permeabilities and Breakthrough Pressures in Clays[J]. MRS Proceedings, 1996, 465: 995.

[79] 黄志龙, 郝石生. 盖层突破压力及排替压力的求取方法[J]. 新疆石油地质, 1994(2): 163-166.

[80] 吕延防, 陈章明, 付广, 等. 盖岩排替压力研究[J]. 大庆石油学院学报, 1993(4): 1-8.

[81] HILDENBRAND A, SCHLÖMER S, KROOSS B M. Gas breakthrough experiments on fine‐grained sedimentary rocks[J]. Geofluids, 2002, 2(1): 3-23.

[82] 高帅, 魏宁, 李小春. 盖岩CO2突破压测试方法综述[J]. 岩土力学, 2015, 36(9): 2716-2727.

[83] 王荣华, 章青, 夏晓舟. 含裂隙饱和多孔介质流-固耦合的扩展有限元分析[J]. 岩土力学, 2017, 38(5): 1489-1496.

[84] 郝术仁. 泥岩盖层对CO2圈闭的细观性特征及模型研究[D]. 吉林大学, 2019.

[85] Water distribution characteristic and effect on methane adsorption capacity in shale clay - ScienceDirect[EB].

[86] 孔维钟, 白冰, 李小春, 等. CO2咸水层封存中组合盖层的密封效果研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2015, 34(S1): 2671-2678.

[87] Hao S, Cao J, Zhang H, et al. Breakthrough Pressure Prediction Based on Neural Network Model[J]. Geofluids, 2021, 2021: 1-15.

[88] Aksu I, Bazilevskaya E, Karpyn Z T. Swelling of clay minerals in unconsolidated porous media and its impact on permeability[J]. GeoResJ, 2015, 7: 1-13.

[89] 贾善坡, 张辉, 林建品, 等. 含水层储气库泥质岩盖层封气能力定量评价研究——以里坦凹陷D5区二叠系含水层构造为例[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2016, 43(3): 79-86.

[90] 张遵国, 齐庆杰, 曹树刚, 等. 煤层吸附He,CH4和CO2过程中的变形特性[J]. 煤炭学报, 2018, 43(9): 2484-2490.

[91] 李树刚, 秦澳立, 龙航, 等. 有效应力对煤体瓦斯解吸-渗流与变形特征影响的实验研究[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2023, 19(6): 59-65.

[92] 陈博文, 王锐, 李琦, 等. CO2地质封存盖层密闭性研究现状与进展[J]. 高校地质学报, 2023, 29(1): 85-99.

[93] 张磊, 杨世华, 武晋宇, 等. 有效应力下连续级配煤体的渗透特性试验[J]. 煤炭学报: 1-12.

[94] 尚宏波, 靳德武, 张天军, 等. 三轴应力作用下破碎煤体渗透特性演化规律[J]. 煤炭学报, 2019, 44(4): 1066-1075.

[95] Da Rocha Soares L C, Mendes G P, Viegas R M A, et al. Study of creosote transport properties in sandy and clay soils[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2023, 195(8): 967.

[96] Cho J Y, Lee H M, Kim J H, et al. Numerical simulation of gas-liquid transport in porous media using 3D color-gradient lattice Boltzmann method: trapped air and oxygen diffusion coefficient analysis[J]. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2022, 16(1): 177-195.

[97] 王惠民. 裂隙页岩热-湿-流-固多场耦合下的两相流工程理论研究[D]. 中国矿业大学, 2021.

[98] Fourar M, Lenormand R. A Viscous Coupling Model for Relative Permeabilities in Fractures[J]. All Days, 1998: SPE-49006-MS.

[99] 李长龙, 吴世跃, 张美红, 等. 无烟煤及泥岩储层不同压力下气体吸附特征研究[J]. 煤炭科学技术, 2016, 44(11): 154-159.

[100]李全中, 胡海洋, 吉小峰. 煤、页岩和砂岩孔隙结构差异性及对甲烷吸附的影响研究[J]. 煤炭科学技术, 2022, 50(5): 157-163.

[101] Wang J G, Liu J, Kabir A. Combined effects of directional compaction, non-Darcy flow and anisotropic swelling on coal seam gas extraction[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2013, 109-110: 1-14.

[102]吴建发, 朱维耀, 张德良, 等. 页岩气藏两相流固耦合无网格数值模拟[J]. 特种油气藏, 2023, 30(4): 96-103.

[103] Raduha S, Butler D, Mozley P S, et al. Potential seal bypass and caprock storage produced by deformation‐band‐to‐opening‐mode‐fracture transition at the reservoir/caprock interface[J]. Geofluids, 2016, 16(4): 752-768.

[104] Li C, Hao S, Zhang S, et al. Simulation Study on the Mechanical Effect of CO2 Geological Storage in Ordos Demonstration Area[J]. Water, 2023, 16(1): 144.

[105] Berre I, Doster F, Keilegavlen E. Flow in Fractured Porous Media: A Review of Conceptual Models and Discretization Approaches[J]. Transport in Porous Media, 2019, 130(1): 215-236.

[106]周汉国, 郭建春, 李静, 等. 裂隙特征对岩石渗流特性的影响规律研究[J]. 地质力学学报, 2017, 23(4): 531-539.

[107]宋晓晨, 徐卫亚. 裂隙岩体渗流模拟的三维离散裂隙网络数值模型(Ⅰ):裂隙网络的随机生成[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2004(12): 2015-2020.

[108] Wang J G, Ju Y, Gao F, et al. A simple approach for the estimation of CO2 penetration depth into a caprock layer[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2016, 8(1): 75-86.

[109]司俊鸿, 程根银, 朱建芳, 等. 采空区非均质多孔介质渗透特性三维建模及应用[J]. 煤炭科学技术, 2019, 47(5): 220-224.

[110]丁洋, 陈文彬, 林海飞, 等. 煤矿采空区碳封存CO2泄漏地表扩散规律研究[J]. 西安科技大学学报, 2023, 43(4): 705-714.

[111] 轩大洋, 许家林, 王秉龙. 覆岩隔离注浆充填绿色开采技术[J]. 煤炭学报, 2022, 47(12): 4265-4277.

[112]李全生, 鞠金峰, 许家林, 等. 神东矿井采动裂隙岩体自修复特征研究[J]. 煤炭科学技术, 2023, 51(8): 12-22.

[113]李东印;许灿荣;熊祖强; 采煤工作面瓦斯流动模型及COMSOL数值解算[J]. 煤炭学报, 2012(06 vo 37): 967-971.

[114]高光超;李宗翔;张春;张英;李杰;吴邦大; 基于三维“O”型圈的采空区多场分布特征数值模拟[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2017(03 vo 17): 931-936.

[115]陈鹏;张浪;邹东起; 基于“O”形圈理论的采空区三维渗透率分布研究[J]. 矿业安全与环保, 2015(05 vo 42): 38-41.

[116]Li T, Wu B, Lei B, et al. Study on air leakage and gas distribution in goaf of Y-type ventilation system[J]. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020: 1-14.

[117]Zheng G, Gao T, Chen D, et al. Numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis of automatic optimization of gas extraction well locations in abandoned mines[J]. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 2022, 40(6): 1539-1554.