目前，在水处理领域中吸附法因为具有操作简便，净化效率高，适用范围广的特点被认为是大体量、低浓度的重金属吸附工作中最重要的技术之一。吸附材料的性能是决定吸附工艺的效果的重要影响因素，因此如何制备具有高吸附性能、环境友好型、成本低廉、性质稳定的吸附材料是使用吸附法处理重金属离子污水的关键。海藻酸钠含有大量的羟基与羧基，能够与二价或三价的金属离子发生络合构成水凝胶结构吸附重金属离子。壳聚糖可以提供丰富的氨基，在酸性环境中可以质子化转变为NH³⁺并与污染物中的含负电的基团产生静电作用，以此吸附污染物。高岭土是自然界中分布最广泛、储量最丰富的矿物资源之一，被认为是一种极具开发价值的低成本天然吸附材料，其出色的耐酸性可以改善海藻酸钠吸附材料在酸性溶液中稳定性较差的缺陷。本文基于国内外研究现状，选择将海藻酸钠，壳聚糖与高岭土进行复合得到一种制备流程简便，具有良好吸附性能且能多次循环工作的新型水凝胶吸附材料。研究内容总结如下：

（1）以海藻酸钠（SA），壳聚糖（CTS）为原料，采用半溶解酸化-溶胶-凝胶转变法与冷冻干燥结合的技术制备出SA/CTS复合水凝胶吸附材料，对其进行基础表征证明海藻酸钠分别与Ca²⁺，壳聚糖发生交联，生成了双网络水凝胶结构，具有可观的吸附容量。通过配置多组不同比例的水凝胶材料，对其进行红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）与压汞法（MIP）等测试，发现当海藻酸钠与壳聚糖比例为2:1时水凝胶结构最好。并且其吸附过程与准二级动力学拟合更好，既有物理吸附又有化学吸附，其中化学吸附为主要吸附行为，对于Pb²⁺与Cu²⁺的平衡吸附容量分别为165.36 mg/g，68.03 mg/g。经过吸附-脱附循环后所得复合水凝胶对Pb²⁺与Cu²⁺的吸附性能仍有72.9 %与78.51%，考虑到吸附剂对Cu²⁺吸附性能较差，后续实验着重考察吸附剂对Cu²⁺的吸附性能。

（2）通过引入高岭土（Kaolin）改善SA/CTS复合水凝胶在低pH环境中的吸附性能，并避免高岭土粉体吸附剂在水处理领域中难以回收的缺陷。对所得SA/CTS/K复合水凝胶进行了SEM、FTIR等表征，结果显示高岭土的添加量越大，水凝胶的网络结构的孔隙率越低，选择添加1 g高岭土制备SA/CTS/K复合水凝胶吸附材料，并且确定了高岭土与海藻酸钠，壳聚糖的相互作用。吸附测试结果表明：吸附剂对Cu²⁺的平衡吸附容量提升至85.17 mg/g，且在pH为2的条件下吸附性能有一定的提升。但多次吸附-脱附循环后的吸附循环稳定性弱于SA/CTS复合水凝胶的78.51%，仅为73.6 %。

（3）采用聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对高岭土进行改性，之后将所得改性高岭土进行超声分散并与海藻酸钠，壳聚糖经过半溶解酸化-溶胶-凝胶转变法与冷冻干燥结合的技术制备复合水凝胶。以此避免高岭土表面携带的含铝氢氧化物与海藻酸钠表面的羧基形成氢键，减少高岭土对海藻酸钠与壳聚糖生成水凝胶时的交联过程的干扰。对所得复合水凝胶进行表征发现SA/CTS/P复合水凝胶是一种空隙繁多的非均匀表面材料，这些分布不均匀的孔径有利于溶胀从而吸附金属离子。吸附测试结果表明：SA/CTS/P复合水凝胶对Cu²⁺的饱和吸附容量为117.51 mg/g，在pH为2的极端环境中仍具有13.46 mg/g的吸附量。其次吸附剂的吸附行为与Langmuir模型拟合程度更好，说明其吸附过程为均质表面的单分子层吸附。在5次吸附-脱附循环实验后其吸附性能仍能保持在80%以上。

Currently, adsorption is considered one of the most crucial technologies for large-scale, low-concentration heavy metal adsorption in water treatment due to its simplicity, high purification efficiency, and broad applicability. The performance of adsorbent materials plays a vital role in determining the effectiveness of the adsorption process. As a result, the key to employing adsorption for treating heavy metal ion wastewater lies in developing high-performance, eco-friendly, low-cost, and stable adsorbent materials. Sodium alginate, containing numerous hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, forms hydrogel structures with divalent or trivalent metal ions to adsorb heavy metal ions. Chitosan, providing an abundance of amino groups, protonates to NH³⁺ in acidic environments and generates electrostatic interactions with negatively charged groups in pollutants, facilitating adsorption. Kaolin, one of the most widely distributed and abundant mineral resources in nature, is deemed a highly valuable low-cost natural adsorbent due to its excellent acid resistance. This resistance can enhance the poor stability of sodium alginate adsorbents in acidic solutions. Based on current research, this study combines sodium alginate, chitosan, and kaolin to develop a novel hydrogel adsorbent material with a straightforward preparation process, excellent adsorption performance, and recyclability. The research findings are summarized as follows:

(1) Using sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CTS) as raw materials, a semi-dissolved acidification-sol-gel transition method, combined with freeze-drying, is employed to create SA/CTS composite hydrogel adsorbent materials. Basic characterization demonstrates that sodium alginate forms a double-network hydrogel structure through cross-linking with Ca²⁺ and chitosan, offering considerable adsorption capacity. SEM and MIP tests reveal that the optimal hydrogel structure is achieved when the sodium alginate-to-chitosan ratio is 2:1. The adsorption process aligns more closely with pseudo-second-order kinetics, involving both physical and chemical adsorption, with the latter being the primary behavior. The equilibrium adsorption capacities for Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ are 165.36 mg/g and 68.03 mg/g, respectively. After adsorption-desorption cycles, the composite hydrogel retains 72.9% and 78.51% of its adsorption performance for Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺, respectively. Due to the adsorbent's poorer performance for Cu²⁺, subsequent experiments focus on its adsorption capabilities for Cu²⁺.

(2) By incorporating kaolin, the adsorption performance of the SA/CTS composite hydrogel in low pH environments is improved, and the challenge of recovering kaolin powder adsorbents in water treatment is addressed. SEM and FTIR characterization of the obtained SA/CTS/K composite hydrogel indicates that the more kaolin is added, the lower the porosity of the hydrogel network structure. A composite hydrogel adsorbent material is prepared by adding 1 g of kaolin, and the interactions between kaolin, sodium alginate, and chitosan are determined. Adsorption test results show that the equilibrium adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for Cu²⁺ rises to 85.17 mg/g, with a moderate improvement in adsorption performance at pH 2. However, after multiple adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption cycle stability is weaker than that of the SA/CTS composite hydrogel, at just 73.6%.

(3) Polyacrylamide (PAM) is used to modify kaolin, which is then ultrasonically dispersed and combined with sodium alginate and chitosan using the semi-dissolved acidification-sol-gel transition method and freeze-drying technology to create composite hydrogels. This approach prevents hydrogen bonds from forming between the aluminum hydroxide on the kaolin surface and the carboxyl groups on the sodium alginate surface, reducing kaolin's interference in the cross-linking process between sodium alginate and chitosan during hydrogel formation. Characterization of the resulting composite hydrogel reveals that the SA/CTS/P composite hydrogel is a material with a non-uniform surface and numerous pores. The uneven distribution of pore sizes is advantageous for swelling and adsorbing metal ions. Adsorption test results show that the saturated adsorption capacity of the SA/CTS/P composite hydrogel for Cu²⁺ is 117.51 mg/g, and it still maintains an adsorption capacity of 13.46 mg/g even in extreme environments with a pH of 2. Moreover, the adsorption behavior of the adsorbent fits the Langmuir model better, indicating that its adsorption process is a homogeneous surface monolayer adsorption. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorbent's performance remains above 80%.

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