当前，我国进入新的发展阶段，煤炭行业正在深入推进结构性改革，取得了化解煤炭过剩产能的突破性进展。然而，我们必须清醒认识到，目前中国仍然以煤炭为主要能源。煤炭在保障能源安全和稳定产业链供应链中扮演着重要角色。地面工程作为安全采煤的重要环节，其重要性不容忽视。因此，本次翻译实践选择了《地面工程：地下采煤的原理与实践》一书的第三章作为翻译材料。该章节主要描述开挖力学原理，对于安全采煤具有一定的指导意义。

本次翻译采用卡特福德的翻译转换理论作为指导。该理论框架清晰明了，主要运用韩礼德的“阶和范畴语法”来描述语言与翻译，包括“层次转换”和“范畴转换”两种主要的转换形式。在本次翻译实践中，译者遇到的问题主要集中在英汉词类喜好有差异、英汉语法结构不统一以及英汉语言单位不对等这三个大类问题上。这些问题可以细分为名词、形容词、介词义项选择问题；被动语态、后置定语语法结构调整问题；以及短语、复杂句单位转换问题。在卡特福德翻译转换理论的指导下，译者采取了一系列措施：将名词转换为动词、形容词转换为名词、介词转换为连词、被动语态转换为主动语态、后置定语转换为前置定语、短语转换为句子、复杂句转换为意群等等。在保证原文意思完整传达的基础上，最大限度地贴合中文表达习惯。

本篇报告以实践经验为基础，在卡特福德理论的指导下分析并总结了在翻译过程中遇到的问题及相应解决方案，希望能对相关领域的翻译工作者提供帮助和参考。

Currently, China has entered a new stage of development, and the coal industry is intensifying its structural reform, achieving breakthrough in resolving excess coal production capacity. However, we must be soberly aware that coal is still the main energy source in China, which plays an important role in ensuring energy security and stabilizing the industrial and supply chains. As an important link of safe coal mining, the importance of ground engineering cannot be ignored. Therefore, the third chapter of the book Ground Engineering：Principles and Practices for Underground Coal Mining is chosen as the translation material for this translation practice. This chapter mainly describes the principle of excavation mechanics, which has certain guiding significance for safe coal mining.

The translation is guided by Catford’s translation shifts theory. With a clear theoretical framework, it mainly uses Halliday’s “Scale and Category Grammar” to describe language and translation, and includes two main forms: level shifts and category shifts.. In this translation practice, the problems encountered by the translator mainly focuses on three major problems: the differences in part of speech preferences between English and Chinese, inconsistency in grammatical structures between English and Chinese, and unequal language units between English and Chinese, which can be subdivided into the meaning selection of some noun, adjective and preposition; the adjustment of the grammar structures of passive voice and postpositive attributive; and the unit conversion of phrases and complex sentences. Under the guidance of Catford’s translation shifts theory, the translator takes a series of measures: converting noun into verb, adjective into noun, preposition into conjunction, passive voice into active voice, postpositive attributive into prepositive attributive, phrase into sentence, complex sentence into sense group, and so on. On the basis of ensuring the complete transmission of the original meaning, the translator will maximally conform to the Chinese expression habits.

Based on practical experience and guided by Catford’s theory, this report analyzes and summarizes the problems encountered in the translation process and the corresponding solutions, hoping to provide help and reference for other translators in related fields.