矿用柔性传感器的使用可以实时连续多天监测矿工的生理参数，为系统地记录使用者各项指标提供了依据。目前，大部分柔性传感器多为单一功能，仅适应于特定的工作场景，而不能适应一些极端环境，特别是潮湿、汗液等液体环境。另一方面，柔性传感器在降低功耗方面取得了巨大进展，然而能源的供给和消耗仍限制着此类器件的持续发展。本文从调节界面润湿性的角度出发，制备了具有耐侯性的柔性导电传感材料，提高了柔性传感器件的环境稳定性。通过界面设计引入了多孔结构、微纤毛结构和多孔/微纤毛复合结构，赋予了器件极大的柔韧性和灵敏度。在传感器单元器件研究的基础上，结合新型摩擦发电技术和水伏发电技术，构建了具有高效能源供应平台的柔性多功能传感系统。主要研究结果如下：

（1）针对柔性传感器在液体和高温环境下的稳定性问题，从材料组成与结构角度出发，通过多层沉积法在纤维素棉织物表面构建超双疏、阻燃智能感知涂层，分别制备了一种新型的全天候导电织物（ACF）和火灾预警传感器（AFWS）。所制备的ACF即使在水相、油相、腐蚀性液体和火焰等恶劣环境中也表现出1.1 Ω/cm²的高导电性和耐久性。同时，制备的ACF即使在30%的拉伸和1000次弯曲形变后也能正常工作。得益于导电网络在高温下的快速重建，所制备的AFWS对火焰和高温检测具有极快的响应时间。此外，基于高温下导电网络的快速重建，提出了高温传感机制。所有这些优势在可穿戴电子纺织品的大面积制备、实时健康监测和火灾预警等方面显示出巨大的应用潜力。

（2）针对柔性传感器的能源供给挑战，通过牺牲模板法和多层化学沉积法，制备了一种由超疏水多孔柔性层（PFL）和防水柔性导电织物（WFCF）组成的摩擦纳米发电机（PFL@WFCF-TENG）。所设计的PFL摩擦层和功能导电织物显著提升了器件的输出性能和工作稳定性，包括高输出电压（135 V），高输出功率（631.5 mW/m²）和大于15000次的循环工作。该装置有望通过机械运动为各种低功耗电子产品供电。作为一种触觉传感器，PFL@WFCF-TENG在多种外部条件（如拉伸应变、潮湿环境和汗液等）下仍具有良好的线性灵敏度。所设计的便携式触觉控制器可精准控制多种电子外围设备，展现了其在自供能触觉传感与人机交互领域中的应用前景。

（3）针对摩擦电式传感器的感知范围、电输出特性和生物相容性问题，通过简单的两步喷涂工艺制备了一种新型防水的混合电介质摩擦纳米发电机（HD-TENG），设计的HD-TENG由超疏水混合电介质层（HDL）、氧化铟锡（ITO）电极和底部的聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）薄膜组成。由于超疏水HDL薄膜具有内部微/纳米孔结构和表皮的分级微纤毛结构，这大大提高了整个器件的比表面积和可压缩性。通过结构优化，HD-TENG表现出高柔韧性、优异的可洗性和防潮性。在单电极模式下，有效面积为5 × 5 cm²的HD-TENG表现出高的输出性能，开路电压（V_oc）为465 V，短路电流（I_sc）为60 μA，最大功率密度为3.2 W/m²。作为一种可穿戴传感器，HD-TENG不仅可以用于压力传感器，以监测各种外部施压，同时根据不同外部物体触摸时所产生的电压以识别物体种类。还可以用作运动传感器，在收获各种人类运动能的同时实现自供能运动监测。

（4）针对摩擦电式传感器在含水界面的界面屏蔽效应，采用磁场辅助，并通过简单的两步喷涂工艺制备了一种新型水伏发电机（HEG）。设计的HEG由顶部金属电极、中间超疏水微纤毛薄膜（SMF）和底部ITO电极组成。这种升级的配置使得顶部电极、内部ITO电极和SMF之间的体效应取代传统的液-固界面效应，从而促进了电荷转移。作为电荷诱导层，所制备的SMF具有优异的超疏水性、透明性和摩擦负电性，极大地提升了器件表面的电荷刷新效率。结果表明，体效应基HEG可以在自然界中获取水滴和波浪能，具有良好的输出效率，其输出功率分别可达215 mW/m²和1.3 W/m²。作为水环境监测传感器，HEG不仅可以用于监测水体运动，包括水滴掉落频率、下落高度、水滴尺寸和水波频率等，还可以用于苛刻环境下的液体成分鉴别。这种自供能水环境监测装置在一些高风险环境下，特别是在实验室、化工厂和特种车间等场所发生的化学品泄漏事故监测方面具有广阔的应用前景。

The use of mine flexible sensors can monitor the physiological parameters of miners in real time for many consecutive days, which provides a basis for systematically recording various indicators among users. At present, most flexible sensors are single function and cannot adapt to some extreme environments, especially liquid environments such as dampness and sweat. Despite the enormous progress of flexible sensors in reducing power consumption, the supply and consumption of energy still limit the continued development of such devices. In this paper, we prepared environment resistant flexible conductive sensing materials to improve the environmental stability of flexible sensing devices by adjusting the interfacial wettability. Through the interface design, porous structure, micro cilia structure and porous / micro cilia composite structure were introduced on the surface of the friction layer to endow the device with great flexibility and sensitivity. On the basis of the research of sensor unit devices, a flexible multifunctional sensing system with an efficient energy supply platform was constructed to function electricity by incorporating friction technology. The main results are as follows:

(1) Aiming at the stability of flexible wearable electronics in wet water and high temperature environments, a super-amphiphobic, flame-retardant smart sensing coating was constructed on the surface of cellulose cotton fabric by a multilayer deposition method. On this basis, a new all-weather conductive fabric (ACF) and a fire warning sensor (AFWS) were developed. The as-prepared ACF exhibited a high electrical conductivity of 1.1 Ω/sq and excellent electrical stability even in harsh environments such as aqueous phase, oil phase, corrosive liquid, and flame. Meanwhile, the developed ACF works well even after 30% stretching and 1000 bending deformations. Benefiting from the fast reconstruction of the conductive network at high temperature, the as-prepared AFWS exhibits extremely fast response time (3 s) for flame and high temperature detection. Furthermore, a high-temperature sensing mechanism was proposed based on the reconstruction of the conductive network during ambient temperature rise. All these attractive advantages show great application potential in large-area fabrication of wearable electronic textiles, real-time health monitoring, and fire warning.

(2) Aiming at the challenge of energy supply for flexible wearable sensing devices, a triboelectric nanogenerator (PFL@WFCF-TENG) composed of a superhydrophobic porous flexible layer (PFL) and a waterproof flexible conductive fabric (WFCF) was fabricated by sacrificial template method and multilayer chemical deposition method. The designed PFL triboelectric layer and functional conductive fabric significantly enhance the output performance and stability of PFL@WFCF-TENG, including high output voltage (135 V), high output power (631.5 mW/m²) and more than 15000 cycles work. The device is expected to power a variety of low-power electronics through mechanical motion. As a tactile sensor, PFL@WFCF-TENG still exhibits good linear sensitivity under various external conditions such as tensile strain, humid environment, and sweat. The designed portable haptic controller can precisely control a variety of electronic peripheral devices, and realize practical applications in the field of self-powered haptic sensing and human-computer interaction.

(3) Aiming at the sensing range, electrical output characteristics, and biocompatibility of triboelectric sensing devices, a novel waterproof hybrid-dielectric-based TENG (HD-TENG) was fabricated by a simple two-step spraying process. The designed HD-TENG consists of a superhydrophobic hybrid dielectric layer (HDL), an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, and a pure polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film on the bottom. Since the superhydrophobic HDL film has an internal micro/nanopore structure and a hierarchical superhydrophobic microciliary structure of the epidermis, this greatly improves the specific surface area and compressibility of the entire device. Through structural optimization, HD-TENG exhibits high flexibility, excellent washability and moisture resistance. In single-electrode mode, the HD-TENG with an effective area of 5 × 5 cm² exhibits high output performance with an open-circuit voltage (V_oc) of 465 V, a short-circuit current (I_sc) of 60 μA, and a maximum power density of 3.2 W/m². As a wearable sensor, HD-TENG can not only be used as a pressure sensor to monitor various external pressures, but also identify the type of objects according to the voltage generated when different external objects are touched. It can also be used as a motion sensor to realize self-powered motion monitoring while harvesting various human motion energy.

(4) Aiming at the influence of the interfacial shielding effect of triboelectric sensing devices at the water-containing interface, a new type of hydrovoltaic electricity generator (HEG) was fabricated by a simple two-step spraying process using magnetic field assistance. The designed HEG consists of a top metal electrode, a middle superhydrophobic microciliary film (SMF), and a bottom ITO electrode. This upgraded configuration enables the bulk effect between the top electrode, the inner ITO electrode, and the SMF to replace the traditional liquid-solid interface effect, thereby facilitating charge transfer. As a charge-inducing layer, the as-prepared SMF has excellent superhydrophobicity, transparency, and triboelectricity, which greatly improves the charge refresh efficiency on the device surface. The results show that the bulk-effect based HEG can obtain water droplet and wave energy in nature with good output efficiency, and output power can reach 215 mW/m² and 1.3 W/m², respectively. As a water environment monitoring sensor, HEG can not only be used to monitor water movement, including water droplet drop frequency, drop height, water droplet size and water wave frequency, but also can be used for liquid composition identification in harsh environments. This water environment monitoring device has broad application prospects in some high-risk environments, especially in the monitoring of chemical leakage accidents that occur in laboratories and chemical plants.