电磁波所衍生的电法勘探和破岩技术对于提高地球资源开发效率、加快岩石掘进速率，存在着极大的潜力。机械破岩目前是破岩工程中最常见的方式，然而硬岩的掘进会使机械破碎效率降低、成本增加，进而影响地下破岩进展。此外，电阻率法勘探因其具有无损性，应用广的特点被广泛研究，因此探索电阻率法和微波破岩技术对于提高地球资源开发效率和地下空间利用率具有重要意义。本文以砂岩和花岗岩为研究对象，以室内试验为主要手段，结合理论分析方法，探究了低频阶段(0.01-200kHz)岩石电阻率变化规律，揭示了微波(300M-300GHz)作用岩石后温度和力学性质的变化机理，总结了不同频段电磁波的地质工程应用。本文主要取得了以下认识：

  (1)对花岗岩和两种不同砂岩进行了不同频率(0.1-200kHz)以及不同含水饱和度(0-100%)的岩石电阻率测试实验。结果表明：花岗岩和砂岩饱和度较低的情况下，岩样在激发极化效应的作用下，其电阻率会随饱和度的增大而增大，而随着饱和度增加到峰值电阻率所对应的饱和度时，孔隙水对电阻率的影响代替了激发极化效应作用的主导地位，此时岩样电阻率会随饱和度的增大而减小。此外，峰值饱和度与频率之间呈正相关的指数函数关系，且在由于10⁴-10⁵Hz处界面极化的消失，峰值饱和度会随着频率的增加而快速增大，增大幅度约为60%。

  (2)以带有预制裂缝的半圆型SCB花岗岩为研究对象，在对岩样进行了不同加热时间(240s、480s、720s、960s)、不同循环次数(1、4、7、10次)的微波加热过后， 进行了I型断裂韧度测试试验。结果表明：岩样表面温度与微波加热时间呈正相关，本次试验中，微波循环次数对岩样表面温度的影响不大。由于花岗岩内部辉石和黑云母对微波的敏感程度高，与其他各矿物表现出明显的吸波差异性，随着微波加热时间的推进，岩样表面裂纹开始出现并扩展，SCB花岗岩断裂韧度下降明显，下降幅度可达35%左右。声发射振铃计数和声发射能量也阐明了岩石断裂的各个阶段，此外，通过荷载-时间曲线可以看出微波加热时间越长，岩样断裂破坏所用的时长越短。

  (3)通过对低频阶段岩石电阻率变化、微波照射岩石后温度和力学性质变化的研究，再加上对前人研究的总结与学习，得出不同频段电磁波的地质工程应用。主要结论如下：低频阶段的电磁波在电法勘探领域的应用广泛，常见的电磁波勘探方法有电阻率法和地质雷达 ；红外线频段的红外热成像技术可以将岩石发出的红外能量转换为图像，这种技术也广泛应用于地质体的分析和研究中；电磁波破岩技术是一种新型破岩技术，主要分为微波破岩和脉冲破岩，前者是基于矿物之间的吸波差异性，后者则是因为压缩波产生的拉应力破岩，电磁波破岩可以辅助机械破岩，达到预先损伤岩石的效果，节约破岩成本，提高破岩效率。

The electrical exploration and rock breaking technology derived from electromagnetic waves have great potential for improving the efficiency of Earth's resource development and accelerating the rate of rock excavation. Mechanical rock breaking is currently the most common method in rock breaking engineering, but the excavation of hard rock can reduce the efficiency of mechanical crushing, increase costs, and thus affect the progress of underground rock breaking. In addition, resistivity method exploration has been widely studied due to its non-destructive and widely applied characteristics. Therefore, exploring resistivity method and microwave rock breaking technology is of great significance for improving the efficiency of earth resource development and underground space utilization. This paper takes sandstone and granite as the research object, indoor tests as the main means, combined with theoretical analysis methods, explores the change law of rock resistivity at low frequency stage (0.01-200kHz), reveals the change mechanism of temperature and mechanical properties of rocks after microwave (300M-300GHz), and summarizes the application of electromagnetic waves at different frequency bands in geological engineering. This article mainly obtains the following understanding:

(1) Rock resistivity tests were conducted on granite and two different types of sandstone at different frequencies (0.1-200kHz) and saturation levels (0-100%). The results indicate that in the case of low saturation of granite and sandstone, the resistivity of the rock sample increases with the increase of saturation under the action of induced polarization effect. As the saturation increases to the saturation corresponding to the peak resistivity, the influence of pore water on resistivity replaces the dominant role of induced polarization effect, and the resistivity of the rock sample decreases with the increase of saturation. In addition, there is a positive exponential function relationship between peak saturation and frequency, and because of the disappearance of interface polarization at 104-105Hz, the peak saturation will rapidly increase with the increase of frequency by about 60%.

(2) Taking semi circular SCB granite with prefabricated cracks as the research object, I type fracture toughness tests were conducted on the rock samples after microwave heating with different heating times (240s, 480s, 720s, 960s) and different cycles (1, 4, 7, 10 times). The results indicate that the surface temperature of the rock sample is positively correlated with the microwave heating time. In this experiment, the number of microwave cycles had little effect on the surface temperature of the rock sample. Due to the high sensitivity of pyroxene and biotite in granite to microwave, they exhibit significant differences in absorption compared to other minerals. As the microwave heating time advances, surface cracks on the rock sample begin to appear and expand, and the fracture toughness of SCB granite decreases significantly, with a decrease of about 35%. The acoustic emission ringing count and acoustic emission energy also elucidate the various stages of rock fracture. In addition, the load time curve shows that the longer the microwave heating time, the shorter the time required for rock sample fracture and failure.

(3) Through the research on the change of rock resistivity at low frequency stage, the change of temperature and mechanical properties of rocks after microwave irradiation, and the summary and study of previous studies, the application of electromagnetic waves at different frequency bands in geological engineering is obtained. The main conclusions are as follows: low-frequency electromagnetic waves are widely used in the field of electrical exploration, and common electromagnetic wave exploration methods include resistivity method and geological radar; The infrared thermal imaging technology in the infrared frequency band can convert the infrared energy emitted by rocks into images, and this technology is also widely used in the analysis and research of geological bodies; Electromagnetic wave rock breaking technology is a new type of rock breaking technology, mainly divided into microwave rock breaking and pulse rock breaking. The former is based on the difference in absorption between minerals, while the latter is due to the tensile stress generated by compression waves. Electromagnetic wave rock breaking can assist mechanical rock breaking, achieving the effect of pre damage to the rock, saving rock breaking costs, and improving rock breaking efficiency.

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